简介：日益增长的白内障盲表明目前白内障手术数量还远远低于清除白内障积存数及服务新发病人的要求。经济状况越好,文化程度越高,对视力的要求也会越强烈,病人也会更早地要求实施白内障手术。老年人口的增加也会使得白内障手术的需求成倍增加。即使在印度,白内障手术率(CSR)高达每百万人口3250例,白内障手术率仍然需要提高2-3倍,才能有效地解决白内障盲的问题。在很多国家,白内障手术率甚至要提高10倍才能解决问题。增加白内障手术服务本身就是一个极大的挑战。同样具有挑战的是保证服务的质量。这需要不断增加的资源(扩充容量)及最大限度地使用现有资源(提高效率)。本文中讨论在现有服务制度下,如何扩充容量,提高效率,这正是很多地方所需要的。

简介：英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地阐述文献重要内容的短文。本刊每篇论著需附简短的英文摘要，包括4个要素，即“Objective”，“Methods”，“Results”，“Conclusions”，不宜超过250个实词，写作要求如下。

简介：AIM:Todescribethedesignandpreliminaryresultsofthehospitalbasedepidemiologicalstudyfordiabeticretinopathy(HBESDR),anongoingepidemiologicalstudytoestimatetheprevalenceofdiabeticretinopathy(DR)andtoelucidatetheclinical,anthropometric,biochemicalandanyotherriskfactorsassociatedwithdiabeticretinopathy.METHODS:Totally2000diabeteswillberecruitedfromtheDiabeteseyeclinicintheFirstAffiliatedHospitalofChinaMedicalUniversity.AllsubjectsunderwentbloodsugarestimationandOralGlucoseToleranceTesttodiagnosediabetes.Alldiabeteswouldundergocompletequestionnaire,acomprehensiveeyeexamination.Bloodandurinewouldbecollectedforbiochemicalinvestigations.AllfundusphotographsforanyDRwillbegraded.Participantswhoneedtreatmentwillbesenttotheophthalmicclinicandfollow-upintervalprogramforallsubjectswillbesuggested.Acomputerizeddatabaseiscreatedfortherecords.RESULTS:Todate,1174diabeteshavebeenrecruited,therewere350(29.81%)DRinalldiabetes,mostofthemwerewithmildnon-proliferativediabeticretinopathy(NPDR)(139,39.71%);71(20.29%)moderateNPDR,66(18.86%)severeNPDR,74(21.14%)proliferativediabeticretinopathy(PDR).Females,longerdurationofdiabetes,familyhistoryofdiabetesandhypertensionhadastatisticallysignificantincreaseinriskofanyDR.CONCLUSION:ThestudyisexpectedtoprovideanestimateoftheoverallprevalenceofDRandtheprevalencewithdifferentdurationofdiabetesandalsoabetterunderstandingoftheriskfactorsassociatedwithDR.

简介：<正>上海医科大学眼耳鼻喉科医院眼科主办的继续医学教育项目"青光眼诊治进展"学习班于1999.12.19～12.25在上海举办,来自贵州、广西、四川、浙江、江苏、福建、山东、辽宁、宁夏、湖北、上海等11个省、市自治区、直辖市的62名眼科医生正式注册参加了学习。学习班内容丰富,不但有青光眼常规药物、手术治疗的原则、技巧,术中、术后并发症的防治,用于青光眼诊断及随访的各种新型检测技术及仪器介绍,青光眼药物治

简介：结膜松弛症是老年人常见眼病，但一直为国内眼科医师所忽视，易造成误诊、漏诊。上海中医药大学附属普陀医院经过十几年的探索，对结膜松弛症的诊疗技术进行了系统研究，已经形成规范的诊疗方案。特举办国家级Ⅰ类（6分）继续教育项目“结膜松弛症的发病机制及手术治疗”（项目编号：20110702052）学习班，并系统演示结膜松弛症手术治疗录像、现场观摩手术。

简介：由海军总医院全军耳鼻咽喉头颈外科中心主办的激光技术在耳鼻咽喉微创外科中的应用学习班将于2009年9月1-4日在河南省焦作市举行。该学习班为国家级继续医学教育项目（编号：2009-07-01-083），授予Ⅰ类继续医学教育学分8分。联系方式：北京市海淀区阜成路6号海军总医院全军耳鼻咽喉头颈外科中心；

简介：·AIM:Toinvestigatethetherapeuticeffectsofnanophtha-locyaninephotosensitizersonanexperimentalratchoroidalneovescularization(CNV)model,aswellastoevaluatethecytotoxicityofwhichonhumanretinalpigmentepithelia(HRPE)andhumanretinalendothelialcells(HRECs).·METHODS:Twotypesofphotosensitizers,G1-ZnPc(COOH)8andG1-ZnPc(COOH)8/mrespectively,wereadministratedforphotodynamictherapy(PDT)afterasuccessfulestablishmentofCNVmodelonBrown-Norway(BN)ratsviafundusphotocoagulation.Thetherapeuticeffectsofthetwodrugswereassessedthroughopticalcoherencetomography(OCT),fluoresceinfundusangiography(FFA)andtransmissionelectronmicroscopy(TEM).Forcytotoxicitytests,cellcountingkit-8(CCK-8)assaysandchangesofmitochondrialtransmembranepotential(△Ψm)wereconductedonHRPEandHRECsafterinitialuptakeofthetwodrugs.·RESULTS:Bothphotosensitizersdemonstratedanimprove-mentofvascularleakageandclosureofCNV1weekafterPDTasconfirmedbyfundusimage,OCT,FFAandTEM.TwoweeksafterPDT,G1-ZnPc(COOH)8/mshowedabetterCNVclosureeffectversusG1-ZnPc(COOH)8(P<0.05).Asignificantdifference(P<0.01)wasfoundinuptakeofthetwodrugsinHRPEandHRECs,withnodifferencebetweenthedrugs(P>0.05).BothphotosensitizersshowedcytotoxicityonHRPE,butG1-ZnPc(COOH)8/minducedalowercellviability.·CONCLUSION:G1-ZnPc(COOH)8/mmediatedPDTisbetterthanG1-ZnPc(COOH)8inCNVclosureandalsohavetheadvantageoffastmetabolismleadingtolesssideeffect.·

简介：目的探讨缩短小切口非超乳白内障摘除人工晶体晶植人术学习曲线的途径.方法对2006年萧县彭年光明行动中完成29例小切口非超乳白内障摘除人工晶体晶植入术的病例进行回顾性分析.结果通过最先完成17例小切口非超乳白内障摘除人工晶体晶植入术部分手术操作步骤,循序渐进最后独立完成12例小切口非超乳白内障摘除人工晶体晶植入术的全部操作步骤.结论熟练掌握白内障囊外摘除+人工晶体植入技术,是缩短小切口非超乳白内障摘除+IOL植入学习曲线的关键因素.

简介：目的观察初学者学习0．7毫米微创白内障手术改良法的临床效果。方法随机选取门诊和住院白内障患者50人,由初学者在老师指导下应用0．7毫米微创白内障手术改良法施行手术。研究内容包括手术时间,术中灌注液应用量,术中并发症等。结果手术时间随着学习的进程总体呈下降趋势,从开始10例平均时间61分22秒下降到第5个10例的18分54秒。特别是30例后下降明显。共7例9次并发症发生。第4例出现后囊破裂,未行玻璃体切割的情况下成功植入人工晶状体于睫状沟内。前10例中共有2例,第2和4个10例中各1例术中角膜上皮水肿。另外还有1例发生后弹力层撕裂,两例切口撕裂,1例结膜水肿。结论经过短期的0．7毫米微创白内障手术改良法训练,初学者可从传统同轴超声乳化安全转换至0．7毫米微创白内障手术。

简介：目的研究PBL教学模式在眼科学教学中的应用。方法60名学生分为两组,分别采用PBL教学法和传统教学法进行教学,比较两组学生对眼科学的兴趣和考试成绩。结果PBL教学组学生对眼科学的兴趣要显著高于传统教学组（P〈0.05）,其考试成绩（82.00±9.06）也明显高于对照组（76.90±9.82）（P〈0.05）。结论PBL教学法能够提高学生的主动性,增强学生的学习兴趣和学习成绩,适于在眼科教学中推广。

简介：AIM:Todeterminethehistopathologicalchangesofrifampicinappliedintravitreallyonretinalganglioncellsbymeansofstereologicalandhistopathologicalmethods.METHODS:Forthisstudytwenty-fourNewZealandadultrabbitsweredividedintofourgroups(n=6foreachgroup).50μg/0.1mL(group1),100μg/0.1mL(group2),150μg/0.1mL(group3)and200μg/0.1mL(group4),rifampicinwereinjectedintothevitreousoftherighteyesofanimals,theirlefteyeswereusedascontrol(group5).Afterthe28thdayofapplication,animalswereanesthetisedwithxylazine(8mg/kg,IM)andthentheireyeswereenucleatedimmediately.Patternsweretakenawayandeyeswerepreparedforbothstereologicalandelectromicroscopicobservation.RESULTS:Dependingonthehighdoseofrifampicin,somehistopathologicalchangessuchascytoplasmicdilatationanddamagedmembranewereobservedontheelectromicroscopiclevel.Usingquantitativeexamination,whichwasdoneatthelightmicroscopiclevel,itwasshownthatthenumberofneuronsdecreasedlinearlyasrifampicindoseincreasedwhencomparedwiththecontrolgroup.CONCLUSION:Basedonthesefindings,low-doserifampicin(50μg/0.1mL)maybeusefulfortreatmentoftheoculardiseases.

简介：案例教学法是医学教学的重要组成部分,通过案例分析能够让学生更加深入地理解知识,进而提高分析问题和解决问题的能力。本文介绍了多媒体案例教学法在眼科学教学中的具体应用方法,并提出应用过程中需要注意的问题。

简介：·AIM:Toinvestigatetheantifibroticeffectoffreeze-driedbilayeredfibrin-bindingamnioticmembraneontrabeculectomyinarabbitmodel.·METHODS:Twenty-fourJapanesewhiterabbitswererandomizedintothreegroups:theexperimentalgroup(oculartrabeculectomyincombinationwithfreeze-driedbilayeredfibrin-bindingamnioticmembranetransplantation),thecontrolgroup(oculartrabeculectomyincombinationwithnaturalbilayeredfibrin-bindingamnioticmembrane)andtheblankgroup(singletrabeculectomy).Clinicalobservation,hematoxylin-eosinstaining,Massionstaining,real-timePCRandimmunohistochemistryforα-SMAwereperformedondays7,14,21and30followingsurgery.·RESULTS:Statisticaldifferenceswerenotedinsurvivalanalysisandintraocularpressure(IOP)amonggroupsondays7,14,21and30followingsurgery.Histology,immunoh-istochemistryandreal-timePCRfurtherdemonstratedthattrabeculectomyincombinationwithfreeze-driedbilayeredfibrin-bindingamnioticmembraneresultedingoodwoundhealingandnoscarformation.·CONCLUSION:Self-madefreeze-driedbilayeredfibrin-bindingamnioticmembranemayinhibittheformationofscarringinglaucomaaftertrabeculectomy.·

简介：AIM:Toadaptthelowvision-relatedqualityoflife(LVQOL)instrumentintoTurkishlanguageandtoassessitsvalidityandreliability.METHODS:Thestudywasconductedin387patientsattendingtheCentreofLowVisionRehabilitation,FacultyofMedicine,AnkaraUniversity.Forstatisticalanalyses,theSpearman’scorrelationcoefficient,Cronbach’salphacoefficientandConfirmatoryFactorAnalysis(CFA)wereused.RESULTS:AccordingtoresultsofCFA,theiteminthe'Adjustment'subscalebecauseofhavingthefactorloadingbelow0.40,wasexcludedfromthequestionnaire.ThereliabilityofthequestionnairewasassessedaccordingtoCronbach’salphacoefficients.Thereliabilityofthe'DistanceVision,Mobility,andLighting'subscalewas?琢=0.863;ofthe'Adjustment'subscalewas?琢=0.694;'ReadingandFineWork'was?琢=0.791,and'ActivitiesofDailyLiving'was?琢=0.770.Sotheseresultsindicatethatthequestionnaireisreliabletomeasurethevisionrelatedqualityoflifeoflow-visionpatients.Thecorrelationsbetweenthesubscaleswerealsoanalyzed,andthecorrelationbetween'Adjustment'and'ReadingandFineWork'wasfoundtobethelowest(rs=0.336,P<0.001),whereasthestrongestcorrelationwasfoundbetweenthe'ReadingandFineWork',and'ActivitiesofDailyLiving'.Additionally,the'Adjustment'dimensionshowedthestrongestcorrelationwithonly'DistanceVision,Mobility,andLighting'dimension.CONCLUSION:Afterremovingthelastitemintheseconddimension,theTurkishadaptationofalldimensionsoftheLVQOLhasbeenshowntobereliable,validandsuitableforuseinpatientswithlowvisioninTurkey.

简介：AIM:ToevaluatetheeffectofCollagencross-linkingonthepreventionofmeltinginrabbitcorneasafteralkaliburn.·METHODS:TwentyNewZealandwhiterabbitswererandomlydividedintomodelcontrolgroupandcollagencross-linkingtreatmentgroup.Thesecondgroupofrabbitsreceivedcollagencrosslinkedtreatment.Bothgroupswereappliedwithantibioticeyedropstopreventinfection.Thecorneaswereevaluatedformelting,opacity,pathologicalandimmunohistochemistry,recordthechangeswhen28daysaftertheanimalswerekilled.·RESULTS:Inthecontrolgroup,6outof8rabbitsshowedcornealmeltingafterinjury(14±4)days,whiletwocornealperforated.Incollagencross-linkingtreatmentgroup,onerabbitshowedcornealmeltingafterinjury23days,withoutcornealperforation;cornealdissolutionratebetweenthetwogroupswassignificantlydifferent(P<0.05).Pathologicalexaminationsuggestedthatinthetreatmentgroup,mildcornealedema,milddamagetocollagenfibers,inflammatorycellinfiltrationwassignificantlylessthanthecontrolgroup.Immunohistochemistryshowedthatcornealcollagenfibersarrangedinneatrowsinthecontrolgroup.·CONCLUSION:Collagencross-linkingtreatmentnotonlycanpreventanddelaythecornealmeltingafteralkaliburn,butalsocanreducethedestructionofcornealcollagenfibersandinfiltrationofinflammatorycellsinthecornealtissue.

简介：随着互联网技术的发展及其与教育的有机结合，眼科教学面临新的机遇和挑战。应完善基于医疗“大数据”技术、虚拟现实技术和移动互联技术为主要内容的眼科教学方法，提升“互联网＋”背景下眼科教师的教学素养，从而促进学生自主学习、个性化学习，达到提高学习效率、改善学习效果的目的。

简介：目的研制一种实用型显微手术教学培训眼球固定台.方法利用有机玻璃、注射器、压力表等制作一种用于显微手术教学培训的眼球固定台.结果使用方便、灵活,压力稳定性强,有利于清洁,取材方便,制作简单,成本低廉.结论该固定台是一种值得推广应用的显微手术教学与培训的眼球固定台.

简介：上课是常规教学中一个很重要的环节,课堂教学的效率高低直接影响到教学质量的好坏。多媒体课件质量、多媒体与传统板书教学的融合以及多媒体教学方式好坏直接决定教学质量,笔者在对这一问题探讨和分析后,试图寻找出一套较为完整的适合于该课程的教学方式,提高学生学习兴趣,使学生掌握教学重点和难点,取得更好效果。

简介：在瞬息万变的信息化社会里,加强医学生创新能力的培养是适应医学发展的必要条件。本文结合眼科学的特点,初步探讨在眼科教学活动中医学生创新能力培养所存在的问题和解决方案,为提高医学生的创新能力,更好的服务临床提供帮助。