简介：为了研究环丙沙星对作物的毒性效应，为其可能对农业生产带来的风险提供评价依据，采用急性毒性实验方法，研究了环丙沙星对3种作物（玉米、萝卜和小白菜）种子发芽、根伸长及芽伸长的影响。结果表明，在环丙沙星作用下，3种作物的根伸长抑制率和芽伸长抑制率与药物浓度显著相关妒〈0．05），发芽抑制率与药物浓度不相关（P〉0．05）；药物对根伸长及芽伸长的抑制高于对种子发芽的抑制；环丙沙星对玉米、萝卜和小白菜的根伸长和芽伸长的ID50（抑制率为50％时污染物浓度）分别为7．97、2．51、1A8mg·kg-1和11．23、2．90、1．95mg·kg-1，3种作物在环丙沙星的胁迫下，其敏感性顺序为：小白菜〉萝卜〉玉米。

简介：为探讨纳米MnO2与常规MnO2粉末对细胞DNA损伤作用的差别,采用不同浓度的纳米MnO2与常规MnO2粉末（0、100、200、400μg·mL^-1）对Hela细胞进行染毒,应用单细胞凝胶电泳（彗星实验）检测Hela细胞的损伤效应.结果表明,与对照组相比,纳米MnO2和常规MnO2各染毒组细胞尾部DNA百分率（TailDNA%）和尾矩（TailMoment）均显著增加（p〈0.01）;同一浓度下,纳米MnO2组细胞尾部DNA百分率和尾矩显著高于常规MnO2组（p〈0.01）.以上结果表明,纳米MnO2和常规MnO2粉末均能导致Hela细胞DNA损伤,且纳米MnO2的损伤作用强于常规MnO2.

简介：为探明妊娠早期胚胎的丢失是否与卵巢、输卵管、子宫组织受到2,3,7,8-四氯苯并二噁英（TCDD）直接毒害有关,检测了NIH小鼠胚胎着床前期和后期TCDD暴露对胚胎毒性影响的敏感性,并利用免疫组化方法分析了模型动物肝脏、子宫、输卵管和卵巢组织中TCDD所引起的AhR、ARNT以及Cyp1a2分子标记物的变化.检测发现：妊娠第9d,100ng·kg-1·d-1剂量TCDD经口染毒,造成胚胎着床数量减少,且着床前期暴露的影响大于着床后期;子宫蜕膜反应受到明显抑制;胚胎迁移率没有明显变化,但胚胎数量减少.免疫组织化学分析发现正常组小鼠的肝脏、子宫、输卵管和卵巢组织中有AhR和Cyp1a2弱阳性信号表达,ARNT有细胞核的强阳性信号表达;妊娠第1～8d、第1～3d和第4～8d处理组小鼠肝脏、子宫、输卵管和卵巢组织中的AhR、Cyp1a2的阳性面积和光密度值均高于正常组;随处理时间和组织蓄积量的增加,ARNT在组织中的变化由胞核（妊娠第1～3d组）表达到胞浆（妊娠第4～8d组）表达,然后完全无表达（妊娠第1～8d组）.以上研究结果表明：TCDD对早期妊娠小鼠子宫、输卵管和卵巢组织中的AhR、ARNT和Cyp1a2的激活和代谢方式与肝脏相同,说明雌性生殖系统中的组织有TCDD蓄积和代谢活性,这可能是导致早期胚胎迁移、着床等过程改变,造成胚胎丢失的重要原因.

简介：观叶植物是居室绿化的重要材料.为了合理进行居室植物设计,采用3种常见室内观叶植物豆瓣绿、吊兰、铁线蕨为试材,分别将其置于居室的东、南和西面,再利用LI-6400便携式光合测定仪测定这3种植物的光合特性.结果表明:3种植物的光补偿点分别为25.7、29.6和13.0μmol·m-2·s-1;光饱和点分别约为1300、1400、1200μmol·m-2·s-1.由此可见,铁线蕨对光的适应性较强,是一种荫性植物,而吊兰和豆瓣绿则是半荫性植物,这为观叶植物的室内布置提供了科学依据.图6,表2,参10.

简介：Globalclimatechangeisoneofthemajorenvironmentalissuesfacedbyhumans.Existingevidenceindicatesthattheanthropogenicpushforariseintheatmosphericconcentrationofgreenhousegases（GHGs）（particularlyCO2）hasbeenaprimarycauseforglobalwarming.Asidefromeconomicandteclinologicalfactors,demographicdynamics（includinghumanconsumptioninabroaddemographicsense）hasbeenamajordriverforCO2emissions.Inthispaper,weperformedbothnonlinearregressionanalysis（basedontheSTIRPATmodel）andgraycorrelationdegreeanalysis（basedongraysystemtheory）ontheimpactofdemographicdynamicsonCO2emissions.OurresultsrevealthatCO2emissionsarepositivelycorrelatedwithpopulationsizeandGDPpercapitaandnegativelycorrelatedwithenergyintensity.WealsoshowthatgraycorrelationdegreewithCO2emissionsforfivevariables（i.e.,householdconsumption,urbanizationrate,householdsize,populationagingrate,populationsize）variessubstantially:householdconsumption>urbanizationrate>householdsize>populationagingrate>populationsize,withhouseholdconsumptionbeingthehighest,andpopulationsizethelowest.TomitigatetheimpactofdemographicdynamicsonCO2emissions,itisofvitalsignificancetonurturepeople’sawarenessofsustainableconsumptionandtoadheretocurrentpopulationcontrolpolicies.

简介：HouseholdconsumptionisoneoftheimportantfactorsthatinduceCO2emission.Basedoninput-outputmodel,thisarticlecalculatedtheintensityofCO2emissionofdifferentincomegroupsandsevenprovincesinChina,andthenestimatedtotalCO2emissioninducedbyurbanhouseholdconsumptionfrom1995to2004inChinabasedonstatisticdataofhouseholdlivingexpenditure.TheresultsshowthatCO2emissionpercapitainducedbyhouseholdconsumptionhadincreasedfrom1583to2498kgCO2during1995-2004.Theratioofconsumption-inducedCO2emissiontototalCO2emissionhadrisenfrom19%to30%inthepastdecade.IndirectCO2emissionaccountedforanimportantpartoftheconsumption-inducedemission,theratioofindirectemissiontoconsumption-inducedemissionhadrisenfrom69%to79%duringthesameperiod.Asignificantdifferenceinconsumption-inducedCO2emissionacrossdifferentincomegroupsanddifferentregionshasbeenobserved.CO2emissionpercapitaofhigherincomegroupsanddevelopedregionsincreasedfasterthanthatoflowerincomegroupsanddevelopingregions.ChanginglifestylehasdrivensignificantincreaseinCO2emission.Especially,increasesinprivatetransportexpenditure(forexample,vehicleexpenditure)andhousebuildingexpenditurearekeydrivingfactorsofgrowthinconsumption-inducedCO2emission.TherearebigdifferencesintheamountofCO2emissioninducedbychangeinlifestyleacrossdifferentincomegroupsandprovinces.Itcanbeexpectedthatlowerincomehouseholdsanddevelopingregionswillincreaseconsumptiontoimprovetheirlivingswithincomegrowthinthefuture,whichmayinducemuchmoreCO2emission.AreasonablelevelofCO2emissionisnecessarytosatisfyhumanneedsandtoimprovelivingstandard,butanoticeablefactisthatCO2emissionpercapitainducedbyhouseholdconsumptionindevelopedareasofChinahadreachedaquitehighlevel.Adjustmentinlifestyletowardsalow-carbonsocietyisinurgentneed.

简介：为探究并比较淡水鱼种日本青鳉早期发育阶段对Cu2＋和Cd2＋等重金属胁迫的响应,在实验室通过半静态方式,对日本青鳉受精卵和仔稚鱼分别进行了48h和96h急性毒性实验。结果表明：Cu2＋对日本青鳉胚胎24、48h-LC_（50）分别为8.164mg·L（-1）和6.965mg·L（-1）;Cd2＋对日本青鳉胚胎24、48h-LC_（50）分别为63.084mg·L（-1）和53.093mg·L（-1）;较低浓度组Cu（2＋）（≤1.97mg·L（-1））时日本青鳉胚胎的发育速率快于对照组,而较高浓度组（≥3.87mg·L（-1））胚胎的发育速率则慢于对照组;与Cu（2＋）略有不同,无论浓度高低Cd（2＋）对胚胎的孵化速率均产生抑制作用;Cu（2＋）和Cd（2＋）质量浓度分别高于1.97mg·L（-1）和19.68mg·L（-1）时,两种重金属离子均显著降低胚胎的孵化率（P〈0.05）。Cu（2＋）对日本青鳉初孵仔鱼24、48、72和96h-LC_（50）分别为5.361mg·L（-1）、2.844mg·L（-1）、2.020mg·L（-1）和1.352mg·L（-1）;Cd（2＋）对日本青鳉初孵仔鱼24、48、72和96h-LC_（50）分别为15.907mg·L（-1）、10.550mg·L（-1）、7.986mg·L（-1）和6.346mg·L（-1）;Cu（2＋）对日本青鳉稚鱼24、48、72和96h-LC_（50）分别为5.732mg·L（-1）、4.037mg·L（-1）、2.498mg·L（-1）和1.955mg·L（-1）;Cd（2＋）对日本青鳉稚鱼的24、48、72和96h-LC_（50）分别为16.419mg·L（-1）、11.745mg·L（-1）、8.516mg·L（-1）和6.776mg·L（-1）。与其它淡水水生生物相比,日本青鳉仔稚鱼对铜和镉离子较为敏感。

简介：为探讨截干和施肥对檀香紫檀(Pterocarpussantalinus)、大果紫檀(P.macrocarpus)和囊状紫檀(P.marsupium)的促萌条影响,设置4种截干高度(30cm、50cm、70cm和90cm)和3种施肥方式(复合肥、尿素和复合肥+尿素)对其促萌芽条生长表现进行研究.结果表明:4种截干高度的萌芽条数量为7.4个/株-19.0个/株,芽长为26.8cm-48.7cm;3种施肥方式的萌芽条数量为8.6个/株-19.6个/株,对照组15.4个/株,芽长为26.6cm-51.6cm,对照组41.6cm.结果表明截干高度对3种紫檀属树种萌芽条数量具有显著影响,截干高度越高,萌芽条数量越多,但截干高度对其芽长未达到显著性;施肥对萌芽条数量和芽长均无显著影响,但施用肥料一定程度可促进芽长增加.

简介：水体重金属污染较难处理,且会对水生物造成严重的影响。为探讨水体中重金属对藻类的毒性影响,以普通小球藻（Chlorellavulgaris）和铬（Cr^3＋）为材料,研究不同浓度Cr^3＋对普通小球藻生理、生化特性的影响,检测不同浓度的Cr^3＋对小球藻的毒性效应。结果表明,小球藻的最优生长温度为31℃。此条件下,Cr^3＋浓度为3mg·L^-1时,小球藻的生物量最大。Cr^3＋的浓度低于3mg·L^-1时,Cr^3＋能促进小球藻的生长,且藻细胞中光合色素、蛋白质、可溶性糖、丙二醛（MDA）的含量及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性也逐渐增加。当各胁迫组的Cr^3＋浓度超过3mg·L^-1时,随着Cr^3＋浓度的提高,C.vulgaris的生长受到明显的抑制,藻细胞的光合色素、蛋白质和可溶性糖含量呈现逐渐下降的趋势,而MDA含量持续增加,SOD和脯氨酸则表现出先持续增高后降低（Cr^3＋浓度为7mg·L^-1时）的趋势。证明不同浓度的Cr^3＋对小球藻的生理生化特性有不同程度的毒性效应。

简介：纳米Fe3O4作为一种功能材料,在生物医药、生物靶向材料、微波吸收材料和高梯度磁分离器等方面应用前景广阔,其潜在的生物毒性也备受关注。为研究纳米Fe3O4对生物体可能造成的氧化损伤,以昆明小鼠为受试体,设置5、10、20和40mg·kg-14个染毒组,腹腔注射染毒7d后,测定小鼠肺组织中活性氧（reactiveoxygenspecies,ROS）、还原型谷胱甘肽（glutathione,GSH）和丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）的含量。结果显示,随着纳米Fe3O4染毒剂量的升高,肺组织ROS和MDA含量逐渐上升,GSH含量逐渐降低,各指标均呈一定的剂量-效应关系。剂量≥10mg·kg-1,肺组织ROS含量与对照组相比有显著差异（p〈0.05）;剂量≥20mg·kg-1,肺组织MDA含量与对照组相比有显著差异（p〈0.05）;剂量≥40mg·kg-1,肺组织GSH含量与对照组相比有显著差异（p〈0.05）。研究表明,较高剂量（≥20mg·kg-1）的纳米Fe3O4颗粒材料会引起小鼠肺细胞的氧化损伤。

简介：AftertheKyotoProtocolwasimplemented,carbonleakageexertsgreatinfluencesoninternationaltradeandeconomy.Tradecreatesamechanismforconsumerstoshiftenvironmentalpollutionassociatedwiththeirconsumptiontoothercountries.ChinahasovertakentheU.S.astheworld'sbiggestCO2emittersince2006.AsChina'ssecondlargesttradepartner,theU.S.hasthebiggesttradedeficitwithChinawhichhasarousedalotofdisputesbetweenthetwoparties.ButsofartheassessmentsofthetradeimbalanceofChina-U.S.havepaidlittleattentiontoenvironmentalimpactsassociatedwiththetradeimbalance.Appliedaninput-outputapproach,thearticleestimatestheamountofCO2embodiedinChina-U.S.tradeduring1997-2007.ItwasfoundthatthroughtradewithChina,theU.S.reduceditsCO2emissionscomparedwithanon-tradescenario.Duetothegreatercarbon-intensityandrelativelylessefficientproductionprocessesofChineseindustry,China-U.S.traderesultedinmoreCO2emissionsinChinaandtheworld.Intheend,thearticlegivessomesuggestions:itisequalandsustainablethattheinternationalaccountingmethodologiesshouldbeimproved,forCO2emissionsresponsibilitymustbedesignedtoaccountforthedynamicnatureofinternationaltrade.

简介：EstablishingpositiveandurgenttargetsforCO2reductionandemissionpeak,andpromotingenergyconservationandenergystructureadjustmentareamongthestrategiestoaddressglobalclimatechangeandCO2emissionsreduction.Theyarealsomeanstobreakthroughtheconstraintsofdomesticresourcesandenvironment,andinternalneeds,toachievesustainabledevelopment.Generallyspeaking,acountry’sCO2emissionpeakappearsafterachievingurbanizationandindustrialization.Bythen,connotativeeconomicgrowthwillappear,GDPwillgrowslowly,energyconsumptionelasticitywilldecrease,andenergyconsumptiongrowthwillslowdown-dependentmainlyonnewandrenewableenergies.Fossilfuelconsumptionwillnotincreasefurther.WhenCO2emissionreachesitspeak,theannualreductionrateofCO2intensityofGDPisgreaterthanGDPannualgrowthrate;andtheannualreductionrateofCO2intensityofenergyuseisgreaterthantheannualgrowthrateofenergyconsumption.Therefore,threeimportantapproachestopromotionofCO2emissionpeakcanbeconcluded:maintainingreasonablecontrolofGDPgrowth,strengtheningenergyconservationtosignificantlyreducetheGDPenergyintensity,andoptimizingtheenergymixtoreducetheCO2intensityofenergyuse.Byaround2030,Chinawillbasicallyhavecompleteditsrapiddevelopmentphaseofindustrializationandurbanization.ConnotativeeconomicgrowthwillappearwiththeaccelerationofindustrialstructureadjustmentThetargetofGDPenergyintensitywillstillbetomaintainanaverageannualreductionof3%orhigher.Theproportionofnon-fossilfuelswillreach20-25%,andtheaimwillbetomaintainanaverageannualgrowthrateof6-8%.Thetotalannualenergydemandgrowthof1.5%willbesatisfiedbythenewlyincreasedsupplyofnon-fossilfuels.TheannualdeclineinCO2intensityofGDPwillreach4.5%orhigher,whichiscompatiblewithanaverageannualGDPgrowth

简介：土壤对重金属的吸附容量是土壤重金属污染风险评价的一项重要指标，研究土壤对重金属的最大吸附容量对加强土壤环境的科学管理具有重要意义．采用阻离子交换量、平衡吸附方程和实验实测法推求了北京地区3种污灌土壤对重金属镉的最大吸附容量．由阳离子交换量（CEC）推求的北野厂、衙门口和永乐店3种污灌土壤对镉的最大吸附容量分别为：4822、4148和4721mg·kg^-1；由单表面Langmuir方程推求的3种污灌土壤对镉的最大吸附容量均为5000mg·kg^-1，由传统双表面Langmuir方程推求的3种土壤对镉的最大吸附容量分别为7040、6950和6994mg·kg^-1，由双表面Langmuir方程的Sposito方法推求的3种污灌土壤对镉的最大吸附容量均为6200mg·kg^-1；恒温25℃条件下，上述3种污灌土壤对镉的单分子层最大吸附容量实测值分别为5700、5600和5600mg·kg，多分子层最大吸附容量实测值分别为9000、8000和8120mg·kg^-1．比较而言，双表面Langmuir方程是目前推求污灌土壤对镉最大吸附容量的较好方法．

简介：从珠江口海域分离、鉴定出3种重要有害藻类小普林藻JX12（Prymnesiumparvum）、剧毒卡尔藻JX24（Karlodiniumveneficum）、红色赤潮藻JX14（Akashiwosanguinea）,在实验室条件下研究了不同反应温度和pH值对小普林藻溶血活性的影响,在此基础上对海洋微藻溶血活性的测定方法进行了优化,并进一步分析比较了不同藻株以及不同生长时期溶血毒性的变化特征。研究结果显示,在实验温度范围内（4-50°C）,小普林藻的溶血活性随温度的升高而增大,37℃为其最佳反应温度,pH8和50min为其最佳反应条件。不同生长时期的小普林藻溶血毒性具有显著差异,对数期溶血活性（5.67×10^-7HU·cell^-1）显著高于稳定期（2.32×10^-7HU·cell^-1）和衰亡期（3.40×10^-7HU·cell^-1）。分离自珠江口海域的3种微藻均检测出溶血毒性,单个细胞溶血活性由强到弱分别为红色赤潮藻（976.20×10^-7HU·cell^-1）、小普林藻（5.67×10^-7HU·cell^-1）、剧毒卡尔藻（2.58×10^-7HU·cell^-1）。值得注意的是,红色赤潮藻中国株JX14的单位细胞溶血活性显著高于美国株AS2,是后者的2倍以上。本研究首次确认珠江口海域红色赤潮藻、小普林藻和剧毒卡尔藻均具有较强的溶血毒性,这些有害藻类一旦形成赤潮可能对河口生态系统安全以及水产养殖业造成严重危害。

简介：Inthispaper,weconstructamodelinwhichtheimpactofpollutiononhealthisexertedthroughbothdirectandindirectchannels.Theindirectchanneliscapturedbyaproductionfunc-tioninwhichtheprincipalhealth-improvingfactor,incomegrowth,canberealizedonlyinthecostofpollutionincrease.Thismodelisthentestedbytheaggregatedchroniclediseasedatainover78Chinesecounties.Ourresultsshow,afterattainingthethresholdof8μg/m2,continuousincreaseinindustrialSO2emissiondensitywillleadtheratioofpopulationsufferingchroniclediseases,amongwhichrespiratorydiseasesoccupyasignificantproportion,torise.However,owingtotechnologicalprogressinpollutioncontrolactivities,theneededSO2emissiontoproduceoneunitofGDPdiminisheswithtime.Therefore,thenegativeeffectfrompollutionaugmentationonpublichealthseemstoberecompensedmoreandmorebythepositiveeffectofeconomicgrowth.

简介：ThispaperproposestouseDEAmodelswithundesirableoutputstoconstructtheMalmquistindexthatcanbeusetoinvestigatethedynamicchangesofCO2emissionperformance.Withtheindex,theauthorshavemeasuredtheCO2emissionperformanceof28provincesandautonomousregionsinChinafrom1996to2007;withtheconvergencetheoryandpaneldataregressionmodel,theauthorsanalyzetheregionaldifferencesandtheinfluencingfactors.ItisfoundthattheperformanceofCO2emissionsinChinahasbeencontinuouslyimprovedmainlyduetothetechnologicalprogress,andtheaverageimprovementrateis3.25%,withacumulativeimprovementrateof40.86%.Inaddition,theCO2emissionperformancevariesacrossfourregions.Asawhole,theperformancescoreofeasternChinaisthehighest.ThenortheasternandcentralChinahasrelativelylowerperformancescores,andthewesternChinaisrelativelybackward.Theregionaldifferencesaredecreasing,andtheperformanceofCO2emissionsisconvergent.TheinfluenceofsomefactorsontheperformanceofCO2emissionsissignificant,suchasthelevelofeconomicdevelopment,thelevelofindustrialstructure,energyintensity,andownershipstructure.Theinfluenceofsomefactors,suchasopening-uptotheoutsideworld,ontheperformanceofCO2emissionsisnotsignificant..

简介：红霉素是一种常用的大环内酯类抗生素,其对多刺裸腹溞连续世代生活史参数的影响尚不得而知。本文以连续3个世代的多刺裸腹溞为对象,研究了不同浓度（0.02、0.2、2、20、200和2000μg·L^-1）的红霉素对其平均寿命、首次生殖年龄、生殖窝数、窝卵数和总后代数等的影响。结果表明,红霉素浓度对多刺裸腹溞的平均寿命、首次生殖年龄、生殖窝数、窝卵数和总后代数的影响在多刺裸腹溞世代间均存在着明显的差异。与空白对照组相比,红霉素浓度对多刺裸腹溞F0代平均寿命的影响表现出＂低（0.02μg·L^-1）促高（2-2000μg·L^-1）抑＂的剂量-效应关系,暴露于20μg·L^-1红霉素溶液中的多刺裸腹溞F0代的生殖窝数显著减小了55.76%,但暴露于各浓度红霉素溶液中的多刺裸腹溞F1和F2代的平均寿命和生殖窝数均未出现显著性差异;暴露于各浓度红霉素溶液中的多刺裸腹溞F0代的首次生殖年龄也未出现显著性差异,但暴露于0.2、20-2000μg·L^-1红霉素溶液中的F1代的首次生殖年龄显著减小了4.90%-15.69%,暴露于0.2-2000μg·L^-1红霉素溶液中的F2代的首次生殖年龄显著减小了5.00%-16.00%;暴露于20和200μg·L^-1红霉素溶液中的多刺裸腹溞F1代的窝卵数分别显著增加了28.87%和10.18%,但暴露于各浓度红霉素溶液中的F0和F2代的窝卵数未出现显著性差异;暴露于2-200μg·L^-1的红霉素溶液中的多刺裸腹溞F0代的总后代数显著减少了43.99%-62.21%,而暴露于20和200μg·L^-1红霉素溶液中的F1代的总后代数分别增加28.56%和37.17%,红霉素浓度对多刺裸腹溞总后代数的显著性影响在F2代中消失。本研究结果表明,多刺裸腹溞对不同剂量红霉素多代暴露表现出适应性或耐受性。

简介：全氟烷基化合物（perfluoroalkylsubstances,PFASs）是一系列人工合成的新型有机污染物,由于长链的PFASs具有较高的生物蓄积性,短链PFASs逐渐作为替代品而被广泛利用。为探讨不同碳链长度的PFASs在水生浮游植物中的蓄积能力,选取7种PFASs为目标物,以斜生栅藻（Scenedesmusobliquus）、钝顶螺旋藻（Spirulinaplatensis）和蛋白核小球藻（Chlorellapyrenoidosa）作为受试生物进行富集动力学实验,测定24h时的生物富集因子（Bioconcentrationfactors,BCF）。结果表明,染毒浓度为10μg·L^-1时,全氟癸烷羧酸的富集能力最强,在斜生栅藻、钝顶螺旋藻和蛋白核小球藻中的浓度分别为1894ng·g^-1、88.0ng·g^-1、990ng·g^-1。3种微藻中全氟烷基磺酸的BCF均随碳链长度的增加而增大;全氟烷基羧酸的BCF基本遵循同样的规律,只是在钝顶螺旋藻体内,全氟己烷羧酸的BCF高于全氟辛烷羧酸。此外,PFASs在斜生栅藻中的浓度均高于蛋白核小球藻和钝顶螺旋藻,不同藻类的富集能力与其表面积、脂肪及蛋白质组成有关。

简介：WhenaccountingtheCO2emissionsresponsibilityoftheelectricitysectorattheprovinciallevelinChina,itisofgreatsignificancetoconsiderthescopeofbothproducers’andtheconsumers’responsibility,sincethiswillpromotefairnessindefiningemissionresponsibilityandenhancecooperationinemissionreductionamongprovinces.Thispaperproposesanewmethodforcalculatingcarbonemissionsfromthepowersectorattheprovinciallevelbasedonthesharedresponsibilityprincipleandtakingintoaccountinterregionalpowerexchange.Thismethodcannotonlybeusedtoaccounttheemissionresponsibilitysharedbyboththeelectricityproductionsideandtheconsumptionside,butitisalsoapplicableforcalculatingthecorrespondingemissionresponsibilityundertakenbythoseprovinceswithnetelectricityoutflowandinflow.ThismethodhasbeenusedtoaccountforthecarbonemissionsresponsibilitiesofthepowersectorattheprovinciallevelinChinasince2011.Theempiricalresultsindicatethatcomparedwiththeproduction-basedaccountingmethod,thecarbonemissionsofmajorpower-generationprovincesinChinacalculatedbythesharedresponsibilityaccountingmethodarereducedbyatleast10%,butthoseofotherpower-consumptionprovincesareincreasedby20%ormore.Secondly,basedontheprincipleofsharedresponsibilityaccounting,InnerMongoliahasthehighestcarbonemissionsfromthepowersectorwhileHainanhasthelowest.Thirdly,fourprovinces,includingInnerMongolia,Shanxi,HubeiandAnhui,havethehighestcarbonemissionsfromnetelectricityoutflow-14milliontin2011,accountingfor74.42%oftotalcarbonemissionsfromnetelectricityoutflowinChina.Sixprovinces,includingHebei,Beijing,Guangdong,Liaoning,Shandong,andJiangsu,havethehighestcarbonemissionsfromnetelectricityinflow-11milliontin2011,accountingfor71.44%oftotalcarbonemissionsfromnetelectricityinflowinChina.Lastly,thispaperhasestimatedtheemissionfactorsofelectricity

简介：Inordertodefinethemortalitycriteriaofplanarianobjectively,acasestudyofDugesiajaponicaexposedto1-octyl-3-methylimidazoliumbromide([C8mim]Br)wasperformedfollowedbyarecoveryculture.Theresultsshowedthatdefiningplanarianmortalityinlightofitsbodydisintegrationwasappropriate.Ifthedisintegratedtissueofaplanarianwasmorethan1/4ofitsbodylength,itwouldcompletelydegenerate.However,aplanarianwouldregeneratethelosttissueandreturntonormalafterafewdays’recoverycultureifthedisintegratedpartwaslessthan1/4ofbodylength.Therefore,weproposetousebodydisintegrationastheendpointofplanarianmortality,i.e.,1/4bodylengthdegeneratedisthecriticalthresholdofmortalityandsurvivalofplanarianswhenexposedtotoxicants.Thiscriterioncouldbeadaptedinthestandardizationoftestingprotocolsandcomparabilityofacutetoxicitytestorothertoxicologicalresearchusingplanarianasthetestanimal.