简介:古贝维尔老爷1549-1562年的日记,向我们真实地展现了游戏在中世纪晚期法国人的日常生活中的地位。当时无论是节庆游戏还是日常游戏,都具有重要的民间公共宗教仪式的功能,有着明显的开放性和广泛的参与性,并因此起到重温、确认和更新群体认同的作用。这些游戏也表明,当时人们并没有现代的身体和空间私密观念,休闲、信仰等诸多方面也还没有明确的界限。尽管贵族和教士阶层具有某种特殊性,但总体上说,当时的日常生活并非巴赫金所说的“两种生活”的截然对立。事实上,无论男女老少,所有阶层的人都生活在相同的时间和空间里,并共享同一种文化,包括生活方式、信仰、观念等。然而,从游戏中也可以看出法国的近代化进程正在发生,社群内部不同阶层的成员之间正在发生文化上的裂变,游戏正日趋世俗化,而群体认同的扩大化则促进了民族意识的形成。
简介:<正>Financematters—notleastin(civil)war.Evenbeyondthefinancialmeasureinitselftofinancethewarthereisthepotentialitytoconstructaconceptofafriendlyleader,oranenemywhobreakswiththe(unwritten)rulesofpolitics.AsmallepisodeinCaesar’sBellumCivileclearlyshowshowtoplaywithwordstoundermineauthority—herePompeius’:
简介:<正>EnChine,plusde500enseignantsdefran?aislangueétrangèredispersésdans150universitésontencharge10,000étudiantsquiapprennentl’anglaiscommepremièrelangueétrangèreetlefran?aiscommesecondelangue.Parmanqued’unprogrammenational,l’enseignementduF.L.E.nepouvaitpasatteindrelaqualitédeceluidel’anglaisrégiparunprogrammenationaldepuis1986.L’anglaisrégiparunprogrammenationald’enseignementduF.L.E.nesouffreaucundélai,nousnoussommesmisàl’oeuvreen1988sousladirectionduComiténationalpourl’Educationetavonsmenénotreentrepriseàtermeen1990.
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简介:ntroductionThemeaningoftheexpressiongisbi2-(in)-DU3,intheroyalinscriptionofUtu-hegalrecordinghisvictoriouscampaignagainstGutium,isstillnuclear.F.Thureau-Dangin(1912)readtheexpressiongis-ne-GAGwiththetranslation"tosacrifice"followedbyseveralotherscholars(Kramer1963,325f.;IRSA,130-2).W.H.Ph.Romerhashowever,inhistreatmentoftheinscription,mostconvincinglyarguedfortherejectionofthistranslation.2Inadditiontohisarguments,wemayperhapsaddthatthedifferentcontextsinwhichgisbi2-DU3ismentioneddonotseemtobeofareligiousch...
简介:AmEndeseinerTiberius-BiographieführtSuetonvierTodesszenariendesKaisersan,1einesdavonsollausderBürgerkriegsgeschichtedesSenecaMaiorstammenundlautetwiefolgt(Suet.Tib.73,2=PeterF2,FRHist74F1):2Senecaeumscribitintellectadefectioneexemptumanulumquasialicuitraditurumparumpertenuisse,deinrursusaptassedigitoetcompressasinistramanuiacuissediuimmobilem,subitovocatisministrisacneminerespondenteconsurrexissenecproculalectulodeficientibusviribusconcidisse.
简介:ThispaperpresentsadiplomatictranscriptionoftheSanskrittextcorrespondingtothatofmissingleaves(fols.2,6,7)ofAsa(n)ga'sAbhidharmasamuccayamanuscriptbasedononeofthetwoextantmanuscriptsofSthiramati'sAbhidharmasamuccayavyākhyā.ThelatterisatextwhichcombinestheentiretextsoftheAbhidharmasamuccayaandtheAbhidharmasamuccayabhāsyaascribedto*JinaputrabyinsertingallsentencesfromthebhāsyaintoappropriateplacesofthebasictextoftheAbhidharmasamuccaya?TheAbhidharmasamuccayamanuscriptisacodexunicusconsistingof44foliosintotal,ofwhichonly17folioshadpreviouslybeenavailable(publishedbyGokhale19472),andmorehaverecentlybecomeavailable(transcribedbyLi2013,20143).Therearethusstill16foliosyettobefound(seeTablebelow).Fortunately,theSanskrittextofthemissing16foliosispreservedinthetwoAbhidharmasamuccayavyākhyāmanuscripts.4