简介：Thestiffnessandstrengthofextracellular(EC)regionofcadherinareproposedtobetwoimportantmechanicalpropertiesbothforcadherinasamechanotransductorandfortheformationofcell-celladhesion.Inthisstudy,wequantitativelycharacterizedthestiffnessandstrengthofECstructurewhenitbindswithdifferenttypesofionsbymoleculardynamicssimulations.ResultsshowthatECstructureexhibitsarod-likeshapewithhighstiffnessandstrengthwhenitbindswiththebivalentionsofcalciumormagnesium.However,itswitchestoasoftandcollapsedconformationwhenitbindswiththemonovalentionsofsodiumorpotassium.ThisstudyshedslightontheimportantroleofthebivalentionsofcalciuminthephysiologicalfunctionofEC.

简介：Approximately70%oftheappliedureafertilizermaybelostintotheenvironment.Thislossisduetoleaching,decompositionandammoniumvolatilizationinsoil,waterandair.Throughcoating,theslowreleasetechnologycanbeusedtoreducelossesandtoincreasethefertilizerefficiency.Sulfurhasbeenusedasacoatingmaterial,butthecoatingcrackseasilybecauseofitsfriability,sometimesbeingpeeledofffromtheureasurface.Inthisstudy,fourtypesofmaterials,namely,gypsum,cement,sulfurandzeolite,weremixedandusedascoatingmaterialstosearchforthemosteffectiveandcheapcoatingmaterials.Theprimaryreasonsforselectingthesematerialswereimprovingfruitqualityandpreventingplantdiseases,providingaplantnutrient,increasingsoilfertilityandwaterretention.Thematerialswerealsoselectedbasedontheiravailability,processiblityandprice.Theeffectsofthecoatingmaterials,thickness,dryingtime,sievingandsealantonthecrushingstrengthanddissolutionrateofureawereinvestigated.Coatedureawiththesameproportionofgypsum-sulfurexhibitedhighcrushingstrengthandlowerdissolutionrate.However,theperformancewasfurtherenhancedbyapplyingmoltenparaffinwaxonthehotureasurface.SEMimagesdemonstratedthatthemicro-structureofgypsum-sulfurcoatedureaaftersievingresultedinasmoothercoatedlayer.Theefficiencyofthecoatedureawasimprovedby26%usinggypsum-sulfur(20%totalcoating),3%paraffinwaxandsievingthecoatingmaterialsbeforeapplication.

简介：Thispaperaimstoinvestigatethehydrodynamicbehaviorofatensionlegplatform(TLP)whenthetendonconnectionanglesarevariedat90°,70°,50°,and30°.ThreedifferenttypesofloadingconditionsareappliedtotheTLP.Conditionsinclude100-yearhurricanestormperiod,regularwavesandnoloading.TheTLPdisplayedmajorresponseinthepitchdegreeoffreedom.Amaximumreductionof14%inpitchrotationisachievedwhen100-yearhurricanestormconditionsareappliedtotheTLP.Thisoccurredin0°loadingsat30°tendonconnectionangleascomparedto90°tendonconnectionangle.Reductioninpitchrotationisalsoachievedintheregularwaveloadings.Amaximumof9%inpitchrotationisachievedduring0°waveloadingat30°tendonconnectionangleascomparedto90°.Whenthetendonconnectionangleisreducedfrom90°to30°,thenaturalfrequencyoftheTLPincreasedbothinpitchandyawdegreesoffreedomby2.55%and2.40%,respectively.

简介：单个粒子的动态行为在在一张煤气的使流体化的床上的粒子混合物的混合/分离的过程期间被分析。分析基于从分离粒子模拟产生的结果，与轨道和对单个粒子起作用的力量的焦点。典型粒子被选择代表三种粒子运动：开始在床并且最后的底部部分的一个漂浮物粒子在床的最高的部分使流体化；开始在床并且最后的最高的部分的一个投弃货物粒子在底部呆在床的使流体化de的层；并且间歇地正在加入顶的一个投弃货物粒子使流体化并且底部使流体化de的层。一个粒子的运动在宏观或全球的规模是混乱的，但是能很好以它的相互作用在显微镜的规模被解释的结果表演与另外的粒子，particlefluid相互作用力量，和本地流动结构强迫，接触调节。他们也为建立一个合适的方法连接在不同时间和长度规模产生并且当模特儿的信息加亮需要。

简介：ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＲｅｃｅｎｔｌｙ，ｂｅｃａｕｓｅｏｆｍａｎｋｉｎｄ’ｓｅｘｐｌｏｉｔｉｏｎａｎｄｕｔｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆｎａｔｕｒａｌｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅ，ａｓｗｅｌａｓｔｈｅｒａｐｉｄｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｅｃｏｎｏｍｙ，ｔｈｅｐｒｉｍｅ...

简介：Underanappliedvoltage,dielectricelastomers(DEs)produceanactuationstrainthatisnonlinear,partlybecauseofthematerialproperties.Inthisstudy,anexperimentalcharacterizationisconductedtoevaluatehowtheambienttemperatureandpre-stretchaffectedtheactuationperformance.ForDEswithapre-stretchof2×2,anincreaseoftemperaturefrom-10°to80°resultsinavariationintheactuationstrainofmorethan1700%.Lowpre-stretchedDEsaremoresusceptibletotemperaturechange;whilehighlypre-stretchedDEsarerelativelyinsensitivetotemperature,becauseinthiscasetheenergyconversionwasdominatedbymechanicalstretching,ratherthanthermalconduction,duringtheactuation.

简介：Numericalsimulationsusingvolumeoffluid(VOF)methodareperformedtostudytheimpactofliquid-to-gasdensityratioonthetrajectoryofnonturbulentliquidjetsingaseouscrossflows.Inthispaper,largeeddysimulation(LES)turbulencemodeliscoupledwiththeVOFmethodtodescribetheturbulenceeffectsaccurately.Inaddition,dynamicadaptivemeshrefinementmethodwithtworefinementlevelsisappliedtorefinethesizeofthecellslocatedatgas-liquidinterface.Densityratioischangedfrom10to5000whileothernondimensionalnumbersarekeptconstant.Largedensityratiosareconsideredinthispapersincetheyarecommoninmanypracticalapplicationssuchassolutionprecursor/suspensionplasmasprays.Oursimulationsshowthatthepenetrationheight,especiallyinthefarfield,increasesasthedensityratioincreases.Ageneralcorrelationforthejettrajectory,whichcanbeusedforawiderangeofdensityratios,isdevelopedbasedonoursimulationresults.

简介：Depositionofamorphousparticles,asaprevalentproblemparticularlyinthespraydryingoffruitandvegetablejuices,isduetolow-molecular-weightsugarsandisstronglydependentontheconditionoftheparticlesuponcollisionwiththedryerwall.Thispaperinvestigatestheconditionoftheamorphousparticlesimpactingthewallatdifferentdryingconditionswiththeaimofelucidatingthedepositionmechanismandphysicalphenomenainthedryingchamber.Amodelsucrose-maltodextrinsolutionwasusedtorepresentthelow-molecular-weightsugar.Particledepositswerecollectedonsamplingplatesplacedinsidethedryerforanalysesofmoisturecontent,particlerigidity(usingSEM)andsizedistribution.Moisturecontentwasadoptedasageneralindicatorofstickiness.Productparticlescollectedatthebottomoftheexperimentaldryerwerefoundtohavehighermoisturethanparticledepositsonsamplersinsidethedryer.Moisturecontentprofileinthedryershowsthatapartfromtheatomizerregion,whereparticlesarerelativelywet,particledepositsatotherregionsexhibitsimilarlowermoisturecontent.Atthehighesttemperatureadoptedintheexperiments,particlesbecamerubberysuggestingliquid-bridgeformationasthedominantdepositionmechanism.Furtheranalysisonparticlessizedistributionrevealsaparticlesegregationmechanismwherebysmallerparticlesfollowpreferentiallytothecentralairstreamwhilelargerparticlestendtore-circulateinthechamber,aspredictedinpastCFDsimulation.ThefindingsfromthisworkwillformthebasisandprovidevalidatingdataforfurthermodelingofwalldepositionofamorphousparticlesinspraydryingusingCFD.

简介：Thereisaneedtostandardizemethodsassociatedwiththedispersionofnanomaterialsinnano（eco）toxicologicalinvestigations.Thefirststeptowardthisgoalistounderstandthedegreeofvariabilitythatexistsinnanomaterialdispersionspreparedbyusingdifferentprotocols.Usingtwocasestudies,thedegreeofvariabilityinTiO2nanomaterialdispersionswasassessedbydifferentialcentrifugalsedimentation（DCS）methods.Casestudy1addressesthevariabilitythatarisesfromvariationswithinoneprotocol,investigatingtheeffectsofdispersionaging,sonicationexposuretime,sonicationinthepresence/absenceofanicebath,materialsubsampling,particleconcentrationandhavingapre-wettingstep.Casestudy2addressesthevariabilitybetweenfourdifferentprotocolsdevelopedthroughpastresearchactivitiesandprojects.Theresultsindicatethatthereisalargedegreeofvariability（relativestandarddeviation（RSD）ofmeanparticlediameter=26%）inthedispersionofTiO2nanomaterialsbetweenthefourdifferentprotocolsstudiedandthatseveralstepsinadispersionprotocolarepotentialsourcesofvariation,withfinalparticleconcentrationbeingthemostsignificant.Theimplicationofthisstudyisclear:forthepurposeofdatacomparability,thereisaneedtoprovidetheexactdetailsofallstepsinvolvedinadispersionprotocol.

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简介：AbasicmethodtocalculatevanderWaalsdispersionforcedistributionsforsubmicronsuperquadricparticlesinparticle-wallsystemsispresented.Theforcedistributionisachievedbyrotatingparticlesthroughalargenumberofarbitraryspatialorientations,eachtimekeepingconstantthecontactdistancetothewallsurfacewhilecalculatingthedispersionforce.Toaccomplishthis,theuseof2Dparticleshapesuffices,thatis,throughusinganinter-dimensionalfunction,whichhasbeendeterminedpreviously.Afurtherdevelopmentofthemethodwithindigitalimageanalysismayleadtopossibleapplicationstoforecastingthemacroscopicpropertiesofparticlesystems,forexample,flowability,agglomerationbehaviorordispersibility.Forsmallrangesofsuperquadricparticleshapes,eachwithadifferentsize,thewayfromdeterminingtheinter-dimensionalfunctionuptoapplyingimageanalysisisshowninanexample.

简介：有在粒子沉重的狂暴的隧道流动的热转移上的不同的特定的热的惯性的粒子的效果用直接数字的模拟(DNS)和追踪方法的Lagrangian粒子被学习。模拟使用一个双向联合模型考虑在粒子和骚乱之间的动量和热相互作用。温度回答的学习表演与不同的特定的热粒子和没有粒子的流动显示粒子沉重的流动之间的差别，显示特定的热是的粒子在粒子沉重的流动影响热转移进程的一个重要因素。粒子沉重的流动的热转移能力逐渐地随粒子的增加增加特定的热，这被发现。这由于对热转移的粒子增加的积极贡献。另外，粒子沉重的流动的Nusselt数字与没有粒子的流动的相比。有大特定的热的粒子加强狂暴的流动的热转移，这被发现，当那些与小特定的热削弱狂暴的流动的热转移时。

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