简介：AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted the practice of infectious diseases biobanking, as well as existing challenges and opportunities. Thus, the future of infectious diseases biobanking in the post-pandemic era, shall not be an "entry-level version" of its counterpart in non-communicable diseases and large population cohorts, but incorporate the lessons learned. Biobanks constitute a critical research infrastructure supported by harmonized practices through the implementation of international standards, and perceived within the broader scope of healthcare's intersection with research. This perspective paper considers the barriers in biobanking and standardization of practices, as well as the emerging opportunities in the field.

简介：AbstractBackground:The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic hit South America badly with multiple waves. Different COVID-19 variants have been storming across the region, leading to more severe infections and deaths even in places with high vaccination coverage. This study aims to assess the spatiotemporal variability of the COVID-19 pandemic and estimate the infection fatality rate (IFR), infection attack rate (IAR) and reproduction number (R0) for twelve most affected South American countries.Methods:We fit a susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (SEIR)-based model with a time-varying transmission rate to the reported COVID-19 deaths for the twelve South American countries with the highest mortalities. Most of the epidemiological datasets analysed in this work are retrieved from the disease surveillance systems by the World Health Organization, Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center and Our World in Data. We investigate the COVID-19 mortalities in these countries, which could represent the situation for the overall South American region. We employ COVID-19 dynamic model with-and-without vaccination considering time-varying flexible transmission rate to estimate IFR, IAR and R0 of COVID-19 for the South American countries.Results:We simulate the model in each scenario under suitable parameter settings and yield biologically reasonable estimates for IFR (varies between 0.303% and 0.723%), IAR (varies between 0.03 and 0.784) and R0 (varies between 0.7 and 2.5) for the 12 South American countries. We observe that the severity, dynamical patterns of deaths and time-varying transmission rates among the countries are highly heterogeneous. Further analysis of the model with the effect of vaccination highlights that increasing the vaccination rate could help suppress the pandemic in South America.Conclusions:This study reveals possible reasons for the two waves of COVID-19 outbreaks in South America. We observed reductions in the transmission rate corresponding to each wave plausibly due to improvement in nonpharmaceutical interventions measures and human protective behavioral reaction to recent deaths. Thus, strategies coupling social distancing and vaccination could substantially suppress the mortality rate of COVID-19 in South America.

简介：AbstractSince December 2019, a pneumonia caused by a new coronavirus, i.e. COVID-19 occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Although the epidemic in China has been bought under control, the global COVID-19 situation is still grim. Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), as one of critical conditions in the department of neurosurgery, requires an early and effective treatment, especially surgery. There were currently no reliable guidelines on how to perform perioperative protection in TBI patients with suspected or confirmed coronavirus infection. According to the corresponding treatment regulations and guidelines issued by the authorities, we summarized the management strategy of TBI patients in perioperative period during the COVID-19 outbreak based on medical and nursing practice, in order to provide a reference for clinicians.

简介：摘要Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new disease characterized by lung damage and involvement in multiple tissues and organs in the whole body. Some of the patients may have long-term impairment and dysfunctions, including pulmonary fibrosis, heart, liver, kidney, nerve and immune system. Rehabilitation has certain beneficial effect in the acute stage, and especially in the recovery stage, including improving respiratory function, exercise endurance, self-care in daily living activities, as well as psychological support, etc. Rehabilitation is not offside or absent. A reasonable rehabilitation program needs scientific research to avoid arbitrary conclusions.

简介：摘要The rapid evolution of the health emergency linked to the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 requires specifications for the rehabilitative management of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The symptomatic evolution of patients with COVID-19 is characterized by 2 phases: an acute phase in which respiratory symptoms prevail and a postacute phase in which patients can show symptoms related to prolonged immobilization, to previous and current respiratory dysfunctions, and to cognitive and emotional disorders. Thus, there is the need for specialized rehabilitative care for these patients. This communication reports the experience of the San Raffaele Hospital of Milan and recommends the setup of specialized clinical pathways for the rehabilitation of patients with COVID-19. In this hospital, between February 1 and March 2, 2020, about 50 patients were admitted every day with COVID-19 symptoms. In those days, about 400 acute care beds were created (intensive care/infectious diseases). In the following 30 days, from March 2 to mid-April, despite the presence of 60 daily arrivals to the emergency department, the organization of patient flow between different wards was modified, and several different units were created based on a more accurate integration of patients′ needs. According to this new organization, patients were admitted first to acute care COVID-19 units and then to COVID-19 rehabilitation units, post-COVID-19 rehabilitation units, and/or quarantine/observation units. After hospital discharge, telemedicine was used to follow-up with patients at home. Such clinical pathways should each involve dedicated multidisciplinary teams composed of pulmonologists, physiatrists, neurologists, cardiologists, physiotherapists, neuropsychologists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, and nutritionists.

简介：AbstractThe infrastructure needed to detect Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (COVID-19) that complies completely with WHO guidelines is lacking across many parts of the globe, especially in developing countries, including Nepal. We outline the problems faced by such countries and suggest that the national and international community should collaborate in the development and adoption of novel protocols for the rapid detection of COVID-19 according to locally available infrastructure, in order to fight against the outbreak.

简介：AbstractSince December 2019, COVID-19, an acute infectious disease, has gradually become a global threat. We report a case of thoracolumbar fractures (T12 and L1) and incomplete lower limb paralysis in a patient with COVID-19. After a series of conservative treatment which did not work at all, posterior open reduction and pedicle screw internal fixation of the thoracolumbar fracture were performed in Wuhan Union Hospital. Three weeks later, the patient could stand up and the pneumonia is almost cured. We successfully performed a surgery in a COVID-19 patient, and to our knowledge it is the first operation for a COVID-19 patient ever reported.

简介：摘要目前新型冠状病毒肺炎正在世界范围内蔓延，我国疫情暂时得到了有效控制，但仍需密切关注及防范输入性病例和无症状感染者引发疫情的可能。当前新型冠状病毒肺炎的诊疗方案与指南为临床实践提供了依据，但是仍有很多问题亟待解决。临床决策需结合医疗资源配置及患者情况制定个体化治疗方案，根据病情变化及时调整，多部门沟通协调以保证方案实施。辽宁省新冠肺炎集中救治中心大连中心自2020年1月以来共成功救治35例新型冠状病毒肺炎患者，其中重型5例。本文旨在总结新型冠状病毒肺炎的救治经验，以期进一步优化临床决策。

简介：摘要2019新型冠状病毒(2019 novel coronavirus，2019-nCoV)是新近分离鉴定的第7种可以感染人类的冠状病毒，已确认为目前正在暴发流行的COVID-19的病原体。2019-nCoV可在COVID-19患者的支气管肺泡灌洗液、鼻咽拭子、血液等样本中检出，细胞分离培养相对容易。鉴于病毒分离培养和病原学鉴定对病毒复制增殖、致病性、免疫、检测诊断和特异防治等都具有重要意义，此文就2019-nCoV分离、病原学鉴定以及根据宏基因组测序的反向病原学研究现状与进展做一综述。

简介：摘要新型冠状病毒肺炎大流行在全球范围内造成严重的公共卫生危机。为预防新型冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2，SARS-CoV-2)对健康带来的不利影响，不同类型、不同生产工艺的SARS-CoV-2疫苗相继被研发，包括减毒活疫苗、核酸疫苗、病毒载体疫苗、灭活疫苗和重组蛋白疫苗等，而病毒表面的刺突蛋白是SARS-CoV-2疫苗的研究热点。此文主要介绍SARS-CoV-2刺突蛋白的结构、功能与免疫学特性，以及相关SARS-CoV-2疫苗的研究情况、安全性、适用性等，并讨论潜在问题解决措施。

简介：摘要新型冠状病毒肺炎(简称新冠肺炎，又称COVID-19)是危害全球的流行性疾病，其与糖尿病的关系研究甚少。糖尿病是新冠肺炎最常见的并发症之一，糖尿病患者免疫功能障碍、促炎性细胞因子环境、血管紧张素转换酶2表达降低及低血糖反应等与新冠肺炎的不良预后密切相关。而严重急性呼吸综合征病毒2(SARS-CoV-2)直接损伤胰岛β细胞、加剧胰岛素抵抗、诱发糖尿病酮症酸中毒、引起低钾血症等均加重糖尿病患者血糖异常。总之，新冠肺炎加重血糖异常，血糖异常又恶化新冠肺炎的病情，新冠肺炎与糖尿病的双向作用形成了恶性循环。故需采取有效的预防、治疗措施，确保控制糖尿病患者的血糖水平。

简介：摘要新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情（新冠疫情）使全社会认识到公共卫生的重要性。公共卫生关系到公众健康和社会行为规范、公共安全和社会稳定、社会经济发展、国际政治格局和国际关系以及社会治理和精细化管理等。新冠疫情使人们对公共卫生有了新启示和新定位，要改革与完善公共卫生体系，强化病原的变异监测及预警，加强传染源的早期识别与发现，关注传播途径的认知与阻断技术，加强疫苗的研制及战略技术储备，加强公共卫生人力资源建设。公共卫生是国民健康的卫士，是健康中国建设的基石，在经济社会发展中具有基础性、战略性、全局性地位，是国泰民安、国家安全与社会稳定的重要保障，公共卫生综合能力是政府现代化疾控体系建设和社会精细化管理的重要标志。现代公共卫生的新特征包括：健康影响因素与疾病病因的多元化、复杂性；国民健康改善与疾病防控、突发事件应急的社会性；健康保护、健康促进与疾病防控、突发事件应急的社区性。展望新时代公共卫生，要重点关注健康一生、环境健康及建成环境建设、融健康于万策、同一健康和全球健康问题。

简介：摘要始于2019年末的新型冠状病毒病（COVID-19）目前仍在世界范围内广泛流行，对全球的公共卫生造成巨大威胁。该病主要累及呼吸系统，还存在眼部及神经系统等肺外表现。由于神经眼科学表现的报道较少，尤其早期以眼部及神经眼科学症状为首发症状时，容易造成误诊并延误治疗。临床一线医生在初次接诊患者时，不仅需要询问发热、咳嗽、咽痛等呼吸系统表现，还需要问及复视、视力减退、眼球转动痛、步态异常或其他神经功能缺损的症状，因为这些肺外表现往往是严重感染的征象。了解COVID-19眼部症状、视觉传入障碍、视觉传出障碍及其可能的病因，对临床医生及早辨别和有效治疗COVID-19有着重要的临床价值。未来仍需更广泛的研究以证实COVID-19与神经眼科学疾病的因果关系，为全面了解COVID-19提供充分的依据。

简介：摘要新型冠状病毒(简称新冠病毒)感染仍在世界范围内流行。儿童作为弱势群体，也出现了重症和死亡病例，在当前严峻的疫情下应做好对儿童的防护。随着新冠病毒疫苗在成人的广泛接种，感染率大大降低。因此，循序渐进地给儿童群体进行新冠病毒疫苗接种，对于儿童的防护以及整体新冠疫情的防控均具有重要意义。对于儿童接种新冠病毒疫苗的安全性是家长及医务工作者共同关注的问题。因此，为保证接种的安全性及接种工作的顺利实施，国家呼吸系统疾病临床医学研究中心、国家儿童医学中心、中华医学会儿科学分会等学术机构组织相关专家就家长关心的针对儿童接种新冠病毒疫苗的关键问题和注意事项进行了汇总和解读，以期解答家长心中的疑惑。

简介：摘要COVID-19已成为严重的全球公共卫生事件，截至2022年6月25日，全球有超过5.4亿人确诊感染，累计死亡人数超过632万。了解COVID-19患者恢复后是否能获得持久免疫保护力是疫苗制备、疾病防控及判断疫情走向的关键。持久免疫保护力的产生核心是免疫记忆性，即针对新型冠状病毒产生有效免疫记忆。本文将围绕新型冠状病毒感染免疫记忆的生成与维持进行综述。

简介：摘要目的分析新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）疫情眼科相关研究热点。方法以美国国立医学图书馆PubMed数据库为数据源，检索2020年1月1日至2022年2月22日美国医学索引Medline收录的COVID-19疫情眼科相关文献，语言类型限定为英文和中文，共检索到相关文献1 592篇。通过阅读文献标题及摘要，逐条审核文献内容，排除会议通知、编者按等类型文献及内容关联不强的文献，最终纳入文献1 547篇。采用书目共现分析系统BICOMB 2.02软件统计主要主题词/副主题词和去除副主题词后主要主题词出现频次，统计COVID-19疫情眼科相关研究发文量前十期刊的发文量；采用VosViewer 1.6.18软件进行合作者网络及主要主题词聚类分析，统计并记录COVID-19疫情眼科相关研究活跃作者发文情况及国家或地区分布。结果1 547篇文献中，相关研究活跃学者主要来自印度、意大利、新加坡、西班牙等国家和中国香港地区等；发文量前十的期刊总计发文量617篇（39.88%，617/1 547 ）。高频主要主题词/副主题词主要集中于COVID-19、病毒性肺炎、冠状病毒感染、眼病的流行病学、并发症、防控、诊断、病毒学，严重急性呼吸道综合征冠状病毒2型、β冠状病毒分离与纯化，眼科教育、组织与管理，远程医疗，卫生保健的组织与管理，毛霉菌病诊断。去除副主题词后，高频主要主题词还包括结膜炎、眼眶疾病、视网膜疾病、视神经脊髓炎、视网膜静脉阻塞、近视等眼部疾病，多发性硬化、米勒费雪症候群等眼部相关系统性疾病，COVID-19治疗药物羟基氯喹、血管生成抑制剂，疫苗接种等。结论COVID-19疫情眼科相关研究在全球范围内受到普遍关注，涉及眼前后节多种眼部疾病。COVID-19相关毛霉菌病、羟基氯喹与可能的视网膜毒性、疫苗接种后可能的眼部不良反应等研究也值得关注。

简介：摘要2019新型冠状病毒(2019 novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV)具有高度传染性。随着2019-nCoV在世界范围内的持续传播，病毒已出现多种变异株，其中，阿尔法(Alpha)、贝塔(Beta)、伽马(Gamma)、德尔塔(Delta)和拉姆达(Lambda)变异株表现出更高的传播性和致病性，严重威胁着人类生命健康。现对2019-nCoV的结构特征、变异机制，以及上述5种主要变异株的相关特性和流行病学进行阐述。

简介：摘要新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)是由2019新型冠状病毒(2019 novel coronavirus，2019-nCoV)感染所致，并在全球范围内引起大流行。随着奥密克戎(Omicron)变异株在全球的蔓延，儿童感染率上升，无症状感染者比例上升。儿童作为COVID-19的易感人群，在传播流行中具有重要公共卫生意义。目前，我国已批准抗病毒特效药物Paxlovid用于治疗伴有进展为重症高风险因素的轻-中度COVID-19青少年(年龄≥12岁，体质量≥40 kg)，儿童人群应用仍然很有限。接种疫苗是控制大流行最有效和经济的手段，2021年5月我国开展儿童2019-nCoV疫苗接种，目前也有相关的评价研究报道。现就全球儿童2019-nCoV感染的流行病学、临床特征、疫苗的有效性及安全性进行综述，有助于更好地理解未来儿童的2019-nCoV疫苗接种策略。

简介：摘要目的基于地理信息系统探索我国新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）起始阶段（疫情出现到武汉市解封）在地级行政区层面的时空聚集性及发展演化规律。方法收集2019年12月8日至2020年4月8日全国367个区域研究单元COVID-19确诊病例的相关信息和数据，应用GeoDa软件进行空间自相关分析，并将分析结果通过ArcGIS软件进行可视化；应用Satscan软件对COVID-19确诊情况进行时空扫描分析，确定疫情热点区域，并将其可视化。结果2019年12月8日至2020年3月4日COVID-19发病率具有全局空间正相关性，局部空间自相关结果显示不同时间点的COVID-19发病率空间分布不同；2020年3月5日至4月8日全局空间自相关系数无统计学意义。时空扫描统计分析识别出2个时空聚集区，一级聚集区包括10个区域研究单元，主要聚集于湖北省，时间跨度为2020年1月13日至2月25日；二级聚集区包括142个区域研究单元，主要聚集于湖北省以北和以东的其他省份，时间跨度为2020年1月23日至2月1日。结论全国COVID-19起始阶段早期（2019年12月8日至2020年3月4日）疫情分布具有明显的时空聚集性；起始阶段后期（2020年3月5日至4月8日）随着病例基数的减少和疫情防控经验的成熟，地区间疫情不再具有明显关联性；研究结果与全国各省份应急响应等级的启动和调整时间节点一致。此外，缩短对新发疫情的认知响应期，采取及时有效的疫情防控措施对阻断疫情暴发具有重要作用。

简介：摘要分析2020年12月18日至2021年4月30日苏州市10个区（县）新型冠状病毒疫苗（新冠疫苗）的使用及损耗情况。研究结果显示，苏州市新冠疫苗损耗率为0.222‰。预填充包装的损耗率高于西林瓶包装；西林瓶包装的疫苗中40支装损耗率最低；不同类型接种门诊中，固定接种门诊对各种包装的新冠疫苗损耗最低。建议配发西林瓶40支装新型冠状病毒疫苗进行集中接种以减少疫苗损耗。