简介：AbstractThe outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has adversely affected the public domain causing unprecedented cases and high mortality across the globe. This has brought back the concept of biosafety into the spotlight to solve biosafety problems in developing diagnostics and therapeutics to treat COVID-19. The advances in nanotechnology and material science in combination with medicinal chemistry have provided a new perspective to overcome this crisis. Herein, we discuss the efforts of researchers in the field of material science in developing personal protective equipment (PPE), detection devices, vaccines, drug delivery systems, and medical equipment. Such a synergistic approach of disciplines can strengthen the research to develop biosafety products in solving biosafety problems.

简介：AbstractThe crude case fatality rate (CFR), because of the calculation method, is the most accurate when the pandemic is over since there is a possibility of the delay between disease onset and outcomes. Adjusted crude CFR measures can better explain the pandemic situation by improving the CFR estimation. However, no study has thoroughly investigated the COVID-19 adjusted CFR of the South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries. This study estimated both survival interval and underreporting adjusted CFR of COVID-19 for these countries. Moreover, we assessed the crude CFR between genders and across age groups and observed the CFR changes due to the imposition of fees on COVID-19 tests in Bangladesh. Using the daily records up to October 9, we implemented a statistical method to remove the delay between disease onset and outcome bias, and due to asymptomatic or mild symptomatic cases, reporting rates lower than 50% (95% CI: 10%-50%) bias in crude CFR. We found that Afghanistan had the highest CFR, followed by Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Maldives, and Sri Lanka. Our estimated crude CFR varied from 3.708% to 0.290%, survival interval adjusted CFR varied from 3.767% to 0.296% and further underreporting adjusted CFR varied from 1.096% to 0.083%. Furthermore, the crude CFRs for men were significantly higher than that of women in Afghanistan (4.034% vs. 2.992%) and Bangladesh (1.739% vs. 1.337%) whereas the opposite was observed in Maldives (0.284% vs. 0.390%), Nepal (0.006% vs. 0.007%), and Pakistan (2.057% vs. 2.080%). Besides, older age groups had higher risks of death. Moreover, crude CFR increased from 1.261% to 1.572% after imposing the COVID-19 test fees in Bangladesh. Therefore, the authorities of countries with higher CFR should be looking for strategic counsel from the countries with lower CFR to equip themselves with the necessary knowledge to combat the pandemic. Moreover, caution is needed to report the CFR.

简介：无

简介：无

简介：摘要A global pandemic of a new highly contagious disease called COVID-19 resulting from coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-Cov-2) infection was declared in February 2020. Though primarily transmitted through the respiratory system, other organ systems in the body can be affected. Twenty percent of those affected require hospitalization with mechanical ventilation in severe cases. About half of the disease survivors have residual functional deficits that require multidisciplinary specialist rehabilitation. The workforce to deliver the required rehabilitation input is beyond the capacity of existing community services. Strict medical follow-up guidelines to monitor these patients mandate scheduled reviews within 12 weeks post discharge. Due to the restricted timeframe for these events to occur, existing care pathway are unlikely to be able to meet the demand. An innovative integrated post-discharge care pathway to facilitate follow up by acute medical teams (respiratory and intensive care) and a specialist multidisciplinary rehabilitation team is hereby proposed. Such a pathway will enable the monitoring and provision of comprehensive medical assessments and multidisciplinary rehabilitation. This paper proposes that a model of tele-rehabilitation is integrated within the pathway by using digital communication technology to offer quick remote assessment and efficient therapy delivery to these patients. Tele-rehabilitation offers a quick and effective option to respond to the specialist rehabilitation needs of COVID-19 survivors following hospital discharge.

简介：AbstractBackground:A cluster of pneumonia cases were reported by Wuhan Municipal Health Commission, China in December 2019. A novel coronavirus was eventually identified, and became the COVID-19 epidemic that affected public health and life. We investigated the psychological status and behavior changes of the general public in China from January 30 to February 3, 2020.Methods:Respondents were recruited via social media (WeChat) and completed an online questionnaire. We used the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Self-rating Depression Scale, and Symptom Checklist-90 to evaluate psychological status. We also investigated respondents’ behavior changes. Quantitative data were analyzed by t-tests or analysis of variance, and classified data were analyzed with chi-square tests.Results:In total, 608 valid questionnaires were obtained. More respondents had state anxiety than trait anxiety (15.8% vs 4.0%). Depression was found among 27.1% of respondents and 7.7% had psychological abnormalities. About 10.1% of respondents suffered from phobia. Our analysis of the relationship between subgroup characteristics and psychological status showed that age, gender, knowledge about COVID-19, degree of worry about epidemiological infection, and confidence about overcoming the outbreak significantly influenced psychological status. Around 93.3% of respondents avoided going to public places and almost all respondents reduced Spring Festival-related activities. At least 70.9% of respondents chose to take three or more preventive measures to avoid infection. The three most commonly used prevention measures were making fewer trips outside and avoiding contact (98.0%), wearing a mask (83.7%), and hand hygiene (82.4%).Conclusions:We need to pay more attention to public psychological stress, especially among young people, as they are likely to experience anxiety, depression, and psychological abnormalities. Different psychological interventions could be formulated according to the psychological characteristics of different gender and age groups. The majority of respondents followed specific behaviors required by the authorities, but it will take time to observe the effects of these behaviors on the epidemic.

简介：摘要OBJECTIVEThe COVID-19 pandemic is rapidly evolving and has led to increased numbers of hospitalizations worldwide. Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 experience a variety of symptoms, including fever, muscle pain, tiredness, cough, and difficulty breathing. Elderly people and those with underlying health conditions are considered to be more at risk of developing severe symptoms and have a higher risk of physical deconditioning during their hospital stay. Physical therapists have an important role in supporting hospitalized patients with COVID-19 but also need to be aware of challenges when treating these patients. In line with international initiatives, this article aims to provide guidance and detailed recommendations for hospital-based physical therapists managing patients hospitalized with COVID-19 through a national approach in the Netherlands.METHODSA pragmatic approach was used. A working group conducted a purposive scan of the literature and drafted initial recommendations based on the knowledge of symptoms in patients with COVID-19, and current practice for physical therapist management for patients hospitalized with lung disease and patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). An expert group of hospital-based physical therapists in the Netherlands provided feedback on the recommendations, which were finalized when consensus was reached among the members of the working group.RESULTSThe recommendations include safety recommendations, treatment recommendations, discharge recommendations, and staffing recommendations. Treatment recommendations address 2 phases of hospitalization: when patients are critically ill and admitted to the ICU, and when patients are severely ill and admitted to the COVID ward. Physical therapist management for patients hospitalized with COVID-19 comprises elements of respiratory support and active mobilization. Respiratory support includes breathing control, thoracic expansion exercises, airway clearance techniques, and respiratory muscle strength training. Recommendations toward active mobilization include bed mobility activities, active range-of-motion exercises, active (-assisted) limb exercises, activities-of-daily-living training, transfer training, cycle ergometer, pre-gait exercises, and ambulation.

简介：AbstractMalaysia has one of the highest total numbers of COVID-19 infections amongst the Southeast Asian nations, which led to the enforcements of the Malaysian "Movement Control Order" to prohibit disease transmission. The overwhelming increasing amount of infections has led to a major strain on major healthcare services. This leads to shortages in hospital beds, ventilators and critical personnel protective equipment. This article focuses on the critical adaptations from a general surgery department in Malaysia which is part of a Malaysian tertiary hospital that treats COVID-19 cases. The core highlights of these strategies enforced during this pandemic are: (1) surgery ward and clinic decongestions; (2) deferment of elective surgeries; (3) restructuring of medical personnel work force; (4) utilization of online applications for tele-communication; (5) operating room (OR) adjustments and patient screening; and (6) continuing medical education and updating practices in context to COVID-19. These adaptations were important for the continuation of emergency surgery services, preventing transmission of COVID-19 amongst healthcare workers and optimization of medical personnel work force in times of a global pandemic. In addition, an early analysis on the impact of COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures in Malaysia towards the reduction in total number of elective/emergent/trauma surgeries performed is described in this article.

简介：摘要：2020年COVID-19疫情平息将近两个月后，北京新发地农产品批发市场再次突发疫情。北京市政府及疾控中心充分学习总结防治新冠病毒经验后，处理疫情更加从容有序，不到一个月时间迅速有效控制病毒蔓延。

简介：AbstractCOVID-19 is known for its magical infectivity, fast transmission and high death toll based on the large number of infected people. From the perspective of the clinical manifestation, autopsy examination and pathophysiology, the essence of COVID-19 should be viewed as a sepsis induced by viral infection, and has the essential characteristics as sepsis induced by other pathogens. Therefore, in addition to etiological and supportive treatment, immunomodulatory therapy is also appropriate to severe COVID-19. Although there is still a lack of consensus on immunotherapy for sepsis so far, relatively rich experiences have been accumulated in the past decades, which will help us in the treatment of severe COVID-19. This article will elaborate immunotherapy of sepsis, though it may not be consistent.

简介：AbstractBackground:Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has rapidly spread throughout the world. In this study, we aimed to identify the risk factors for severe COVID-19 to improve treatment guidelines.Methods:A multicenter, cross-sectional study was conducted on 313 patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Patients were classified into two groups based on disease severity (nonsevere and severe) according to initial clinical presentation. Laboratory test results and epidemiological and clinical characteristics were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to detect potential risk factors associated with severe COVID-19.Results:A total of 289 patients (197 nonsevere and 92 severe cases) with a median age of 45.0 (33.0, 61.0) years were included in this study, and 53.3% (154/289) were male. Fever (192/286, 67.1%) and cough (170/289, 58.8%) were commonly observed, followed by sore throat (49/289, 17.0%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that patients who were aged ≥ 65 years (OR: 2.725, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.317-5.636; P = 0.007), were male (OR: 1.878, 95% CI: 1.002-3.520, P = 0.049), had comorbid diabetes (OR: 3.314, 95% CI: 1.126-9.758, P = 0.030), cough (OR: 3.427, 95% CI: 1.752-6.706, P < 0.001), and/or diarrhea (OR: 2.629, 95% CI: 1.109-6.231, P = 0.028) on admission had a higher risk of severe disease. Moreover, stratification analysis indicated that male patients with diabetes were more likely to have severe COVID-19 (71.4% vs. 28.6%, χ2 = 8.183, P = 0.004).Conclusions:The clinical characteristics of those with severe and nonsevere COVID-19 were significantly different. The elderly, male patients with COVID-19, diabetes, and presenting with cough and/or diarrhea on admission may require close monitoring to prevent deterioration.

简介：【摘要】目的 评价严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2（ SAS-CoV-2）特异性免疫球蛋白 G（ IgG）和免疫球蛋白 M（ IgM）检测在 2019年新型冠状病毒疾病（ COVID-19）诊断中的应用价值。方法 本试验采用回顾性研究方法，收集了 2020年 1月 20日～ 4月 16日确诊为 COVID-19患者的 94例血清标本为研究对象，对照组为 161例确诊为非 COVID-19的其他疾病患者的血清标本。通过胶体金免疫层析法检测血清中的 SARS-CoV-2特异性 IgG和 IgM抗体，分析抗体检测对 COVID-19的诊断价值。结果 SAS-CoV-2特异性 IgG/IgM抗体诊断 COVID-19的敏感性 96.81%，特异性 98.14%，准确度 97.65%，显示出良好的诊断效果；发病时间在 0-7d的 COVID-19患者的 IgG抗体阳性和 IgM抗体阳性结果间的差异有统计学意义（ P＜ 0.05）。结论 SAS-CoV-2特异性 IgG或 IgM抗体检测在 COVID-19的临床诊断中有重要应用价值，是 COVID-19的重要诊断和筛查指标。

简介：摘要2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）在我国暴发以来，目前进入全民防控阶段，其主要传染源是新型冠状病毒肺炎患者，但无症状感染者也可能成为传染源，因孕妇机体处于免疫抑制状态，对呼吸道病原体更易感，易发展为重症。疫情期间，孕产妇仍需要至医院进行必要的产前检查或终止妊娠等产科干预。针对以上特殊性，首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院制定了在疫情之下孕产妇的诊疗流程，调整和优化门诊产检及住院治疗过程，力求把疫情对孕产妇诊疗的影响降到最低，保证母婴健康。同时制定医护人员相关防护流程，有效避免院内感染发生，为疫情期间产科诊疗方案的制定提供参考。

简介：AbstractCoronavirus disease (COVID-19) was first diagnosed in Wuhan in December 2019. The World Health Organization defined the subsequent outbreak of COVID-19 worldwide as a public health emergency of international concern. Epidemiological data indicate that at least 20% of COVID-19 patients have severe disease. In addition to impairment of the respiratory system, acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major complication. Immune damage mediated by cytokine storms and concomitant AKI is a key factor for poor prognosis. Based on previous experience of blood purification for patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome combined with clinical front-line practice, we developed a blood purification protocol for patients with severe COVID-19. This protocol is divided into four major steps. The first step is to assess whether patients with severe COVID-19 require blood purification. The second step is to prescribe a blood purification treatment for patients with COVID-19. The third step is to monitor and adjust parameters of blood purification. The fourth step is to evaluate the timing of discontinuation of blood purification. It is expected that blood purification will play a key role in effectively reducing the mortality of patients with severe COVID-19 through the standardized implementation of the present protocol.

简介：摘要目的分析新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)老年患者临床特征及预后影响因素，为临床诊治提供参考依据。方法回顾性分析确诊COVID-19住院患者109例，其中老年组39例，非老年组70例，比较两组的各项临床资料及预后。结果COVID-19老年组发生重型、危重型比例高于非老年组[48.7%(19/39)]比[15.7%(11/70)]，P＝0.032。老年组有慢性基础病患者比例明显高于非老年组[84.6%(33/39) ]比[30%(21/70)]，P＝0.003。老年组伴有胸闷15例(38.5%)、喘憋12例(30.8%)高于非老年组胸闷13例(18.6%)、喘憋3例(43%)，P<0.05。实验室检查指标中老年组外周血淋巴细胞绝对计数比非老年组明显降低(P＝0.029)。老年组C-反应蛋白、粒淋比(NLR)比非老年组明显升高(P<0.001)。老年组丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、谷氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、白蛋白(ALB)、肌酐(CREA)、肌酸激酶(CK)、肌红蛋白(MYO)异常值高于非老年组(P<0.05)。其中年龄、基础病、NLR是影响预后的独立危险因素。结论COVID-19老年组患者常合并多种基础病，更易出现心、肝、肾功能异常，更易发展为重型、危重型病例。影响预后的因素包括年龄大于60岁、有基础病和血清NLR水平。

简介：AbstractBackground:The ongoing new coronavirus pneumonia (Corona Virus Disease 2019, COVID-19) outbreak is spreading in China, but it has not yet reached its peak. Five million people emigrated from Wuhan before lockdown, potentially representing a source of virus infection. Determining case distribution and its correlation with population emigration from Wuhan in the early stage of the epidemic is of great importance for early warning and for the prevention of future outbreaks.Methods:The official case report on the COVID-19 epidemic was collected as of January 30, 2020. Time and location information on COVID-19 cases was extracted and analyzed using ArcGIS and WinBUGS software. Data on population migration from Wuhan city and Hubei province were extracted from Baidu Qianxi, and their correlation with the number of cases was analyzed.Results:The COVID-19 confirmed and death cases in Hubei province accounted for 59.91% (5806/9692) and 95.77% (204/213) of the total cases in China, respectively. Hot spot provinces included Sichuan and Yunnan, which are adjacent to Hubei. The time risk of Hubei province on the following day was 1.960 times that on the previous day. The number of cases in some cities was relatively low, but the time risk appeared to be continuously rising. The correlation coefficient between the provincial number of cases and emigration from Wuhan was up to 0.943. The lockdown of 17 cities in Hubei province and the implementation of nationwide control measures efficiently prevented an exponential growth in the number of cases.Conclusions:The population that emigrated from Wuhan was the main infection source in other cities and provinces. Some cities with a low number of cases showed a rapid increase in case load. Owing to the upcoming Spring Festival return wave, understanding the risk trends in different regions is crucial to ensure preparedness at both the individual and organization levels and to prevent new outbreaks.

简介：摘要目的对安徽省新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)病例标本进行新型冠状病毒核酸检测，分析各类标本检出情况，为病例确诊及判断样本带毒风险提供依据。方法采用实时荧光RT-PCR方法检测197病例466份临床标本，病毒靶基因为ORF1ab和N，应用卡方检验探讨不同标本在不同临床分型和发病时间核酸阳性率差异。结果COVID-19病例痰液标本在各临床标本中阳性率最高94.67%(160/169)，其次为咽拭子88.83%(159/179)，血清6.78%(4/59)，全血标本阳性率较低，为5.08%(3/59)。发病0～7 d普通型患者咽拭子阳性率和痰液阳性检出率差异有统计学意义(χ2＝8.994，P＝0.003)。结论痰液标本核酸阳性检出率高于咽拭子标本，COVID-19病例血液标本存在病毒核酸，存在感染风险。

简介：摘要：目的 探讨与 COVID-19 病情进展相关的临床特征。方法 检索 COVID-19 临床研究相关文献，截至 2021 年 11 月 25 日。采用 R 4.1.2 进行 meta 分析。共纳入 9 篇高质量文献。结果 ①重症组与轻症/普通组患者PCT结果,得到PCT合并效应值SMD（95%CI）为2.63（1.02,4.24），提示重症组患者PCT高于轻症/普通组，差异有统计学意义（P0.05）。结论 PCT、CRP、LYM、IL-6可能是 COVID-19 发展为危重型的潜在危险因素。

简介：无

简介：摘要比较目前在全球范围内有代表性的新型冠状病毒候选疫苗，为新型冠状病毒疫苗研发提供更新的更全面的参考。本综述总结了新型冠状病毒疫苗的病毒学与免疫学基础，对部分基于不同技术的、有代表性的以及已经进入2a/3期临床试验的候选疫苗进行了详细的比较和分析。全球进入3期临床试验的多种新型冠状病毒疫苗免疫效果令人鼓舞，但疫苗免疫原性与安全性的关系、临床试验数据的可靠性等方面仍然需要密切关注。设计新的疫苗靶标、诱导更广泛的免疫保护、改善免疫原性、严格各期临床试验、建立大规模队列研究是对新型冠状病毒疫苗研发提出的更高要求。