简介：Ithabeenknownforsometimethatsometumourshavetheabilitytoproducaehormones.Thishastraditionallybeentermed‘ectopic'hormoneproduction,butwiththeincreasingsensitivityofmodenmoleculartechniques,ithasbecomeclearthatthisisamisnomer;manytissuescanproducehormoner,andnormallydosoatlowlevels,thehormonesactinglocallyascytokinesinaparacrinemanner.Intumours,bymechanismsthatremainunclear,productionofthesehormonesand/orincompletelyprocessedprecursorsisinereased,andthetem‘eutopic’productionismoreappropriate.

简介：胆汁酸为饮食的类脂化合物和胖可溶的维生素的吸收是重要的，但是正在表明分子与不仅多样endocrine和paracrine功能。胆汁酸调整胆汁酸，类脂化合物和葡萄糖新陈代谢并且调制温度和精力动态平衡。而且，胆汁酸不能仅仅支持房间增长和肝新生，但是能也导致规划细胞死亡。胆汁酸功能通过包括原子荷尔蒙受体的激活的不同小径被调停，细胞内部的家族ases并且血浆膜界限，G蛋白质联合了胆汁酸受体TGR5/Gpbar-1。

简介：Elastographyforthepancreascanbeperformedbyeitherultrasoundorendoscopicultrasound(EUS).Therearetwotypesofpancreaticelastographiesbasedondifferentprinciples,whicharestrainelastographyandshearwaveelastography.Thestiffnessoftissueisestimatedbymeasuringthegradeofstraingeneratedbyexternalpressureintheformer,whereasitisestimatedbymeasuringpropagationspeedofshearwave,thetransversewave,generatedbyacousticradiationimpulse(ARFI)inthelatter.Strainelastographyisdifficulttoperformwhentheprobe,thepancreasandtheaortaarenotlocatedinline.Accordingly,afineelastogramcanbeeasilyobtainedinthepancreaticbodybutnotinthepancreaticheadandtail.Incontrast,shearwaveelastographycanbeeasilyperformedintheentirepancreasbecauseARFIcanbeemittedtowhereverdesired.However,shearwaveelastographycannotbeperformedbyEUStodate.Recently,clinicalguidelinesforelastographyspecializedinthepancreaswerepublishedfromJapaneseSocietyofMedicalUltrasonics.Theguidelinesshowustechnicalknacksofperformingelastographyforthepancreas.

简介：AbstractThe natural connection between the duodenum and the pancreatic duct enables a minimally invasive access to the pancreas. Endoscopically this access is already regularly used, mainly for diagnostic and even for certain therapeutic purposes. With per-oral pancreatoscopy the endopancreatic approach allows the direct visualization of the pancreatic duct system potentially improving the diagnostic work-up of pancreatic cystic neoplasms, intrapancreatic strictures and removal of pancreatic duct stones. However, the endopancreatic access can equally be applied for surgical interventions. The objective of this review is to summarize endoscopic and surgical interventions using the endopancreatic access. Endopancreatic surgery stands for a further development of the endoscopic technique: a rigid endoscope is transabdominally introduced over the duodenum and the papilla to enable resections of strictures and inflamed tissue from inside the pancreas under visual control. While the orientation and localization of target structures using this minimally invasive approach is difficult, the development of an accurate image guidance system will play a key role for the clinical implementation and widespread use of endoscopic and surgical endopancreatic interventions.

简介：AbstractMucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN) of the pancreas is an exocrine cystic tumor with a potential of harboring malignancy. The latest World Health Organization classification of tumors of digestive system designates malignant MCN as MCN with associated invasive carcinoma (MCN-AIC). Since its separation from other pancreatic cystic tumors in 1978, much progress has been made in our understanding of MCN in epidemiology, clinical and pathological features, biological behavior, as well as prognostic characteristics. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of MCN and MCN-AIC.

简介：Theactivityofα-amylasefromporcinepancreaswasenhancedunderthetreatmentbyCe3+oflowconcentration(0.5～10μmol*L-1),butwasinhibitedbyCe3+ofhighconcentration(>10μmol*L-1).Ce3+athighconcentrationdisplacedCa2+fromα-amylasecompetitively.Theequilibriumdialysisdemonstratesthatα-amylasehasfiveCa2+-bindingsiteswithdifferentaffinities.ThefluorescencetitrationshowsthatCe3+canbindtoCa2+-bindingsites.

简介：Aseriesofpoly(methylacrylate)copolymersofdifferentporestructuresweresynthesizedandfunctionalizedbypolyethylenepolyamine.Thelipasefromporcinepancreaswasadsorbedonthesepolymercarriers.Itwasfoundthattheproestructureandfunctionalgroupwerebasicfactorswhichaffectedtheactivityofimmobilizedlipase,TheoptimalconditionsforadsorbinglipasewerestudiedandtheeffectsofpH,ionicstrengthandtemperatureontheimmobilizedlipasewerecomparedwiththoseonthedissolvedlipase.

简介：AbstractObjective:Altered bile acid transformation induces low-grade chronic inflammation and may play an important role in the pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Liquiritincan regulate bile acid metabolism and anti-inflammatory properties; however, limited information is available regarding its therapeutic potential in PCOS.Methods:Female C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned into four groups (n = 6 mice/group): the control, letrozole or dehydroepiandrosterone-induced PCOS groups, PCOS + 20 mg/kg liquiritin group, and control + liquiritin groups. After 21 days of treatment, the mice were euthanized, and the associated metabolism indications were investigated. Ovarian histological examinations were performed, and serum hormone concentration was measured. The expression of key genes involved in steroid hormone synthesis, ovarian follicle development, and ovulation was assessed.Results:Liquiritin reduced fasting blood glucose levels and increased insulin sensitivity compared to the PCOS group. Liquiritin also significantly decreased serum levels of total testosterone (P < 0.001) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (P < 0.05) in the PCOS group. Histomorphological inspection of ovaries from the liquiritin group revealed fewer cystic dilated follicles than in the PCOS group. Moreover, liquiritinsignificantly (P < 0.01) decreased Cyp17a1, Cyp19a1, Fshr, Hsd3b2, Runx2, and Ccn2 mRNA expression compared to letrozole-induced PCOS.Conclusion:Liquiritin may be safe and helpful in ameliorating PCOS-associated hyperandrogenemia and hyperglycemia. However, clinical trials investigating different liquiritin dosages are needed to confirm these findings.

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简介：AbstractPancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are in low incidence compared with other pancreatic tumors, and they present as various pathological forms, including solid, cystic and solid-cystic lesions. Herein, we report a rare case that presents cystic lesions in liver originating from solid pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. It can be easily misdiagnosed pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma or primary hepatic cancer according to imaging by surgeons without extensive professional experience. Therefore, it reminders surgeons the privotal role of pathological biopsy to diagnose the disease correctly. The ethical approval and written consent were waived by the institutional review board of our hospital owing to the retrospective nature of the study and routine treatments performed on this patient in clinical practice.

简介：Seriesofpoly(methylacrylate)copolymersofdifferentporestruc-turesweresynthesizedanddirectlyaminatedbypolyethylenepolyamine.Thelipacefromporcinepancreaswasadsorbedonthesecopolymers.Theactivityofimmobilizedlipasewasinfiuencedbydifferentpolyethylenepolyamines,thedegreeofcross-linkingandtherelativerolumeofpore-generatingsolvent.

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简介：Objective:Toobservetheinfluenceofelectroacupuncture(EA)atdifferenttimeinadayonthenumberofduodenalendocrinecells(argentaffincells)inrats.Methods:Forty-eightmaleWistarratswereevenlyrandomizedintocontrolandelectroacupuncture(EA)groupswhichwerefurtherdividedinto5∶00,11∶00,17∶00and23∶00subgroupsrespectively.EA(4-16Hzinthefrequency,3Vinthestrength,intermittentdense-sparsewaves,anddurationof20min)wasappliedtobilateral"Huantiao"(环跳GB30)at5∶00o'clock,11∶00o'clock,17∶00o'clockand23∶00o'clockseparatelyfordifferentsubgroups.AfterEA,theanimalswerekilledatonceforsamplingthemiddlepartofduodenumwhichwasfixedin10%formalinfor2hours,thenembedinparaffin.Thetissuewascutintosections(10μm),mountedonglassslidesandthenprocessedaccordingtoGrimelius'smethods.Results:ThenumberofargentaffincellsinEAgroupwassignificantlyfewerthanthatincontrolgroupatthesametime-window(23∶00,P<0.05).NosignificantdifferenceswerefoundbetweencontrolandEAgroupsinthenumberofcellsatothertimewindow(5∶00,11∶00and17∶00o'clock,P>0.05),suggestingthatEAof"Huantiao"canmarkedlypromotethesecretionactivityofendocrinecellsat11∶00o'clockduringnight.Conclusion:TheresultssuggestthattheeffectsofEAaredifferentatdifferenttimewindowinaday.

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简介：AbstractIncreasing numbers of targeted drugs are used in hormone receptor (HR)-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC) to overcome or delay resistance to endocrine therapy. This study will systemically review the progress made in endocrine therapy combined with targeted therapy in the treatment of HR-positive MBC. From the "AI (aromatase inhibitor) era" represented by aromatase inhibitors, we have gradually entered the "post-AI era" represented by fulvestrant. Under the guidance of research on the molecular mechanism of endocrine therapy resistance, the "combination of endocrine therapy and targeted therapy" era is approaching. The development of drugs that target endocrine therapy resistance has concentrated on cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, and inhibitors of drug targets in the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-protein kinase B-mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K-AKT-mTOR) pathway, providing new strategies for HR-positive MBC. Exploring biomarkers to guide the more precise use of targeted drugs in endocrine therapy for MBC is the focus of current and future research.

简介：Pheochromocytomaisatumorarisingfromneuroectodermalchromaffintissuesintheadrenalglandorextra-adrenalparaganglia(paragangliomas).Theprevalenceofthetumoris0.1%-0.6%inthehypertensivepopulation,ofwhich10%-20%aremalignant.Pheochromocytomaproduces,stores,andsecretescatecholamines,aswellasleadstohypertensivecrisis,arrhythmia,angina,andacutemyocardialinfarctionwithoutcoronaryarterydiseases.Wereportacaseofacutecoronarysyndrome(ACS)withafinaldiagnosisofmultipleendocrineneoplasiawithpheochromocytomaandmedullarythyroidcarcinoma(MTC).

简介：PTEN，phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT小径的一个否定管理者，是胰岛素发信号的一个重要调节的人。决定胰腺的Pten的新陈代谢的函数，我们产生了胰特定的Pten大美人(PPKO)鼠标。PPKO老鼠扩大了胰并且提高了acinar房间的增长。他们也展出了低血糖症，hypoinsulinemia，和改变的氨基的新陈代谢。尤其是，PPKO老鼠证明streptozotocin(STZ)的推迟的发作导致了糖尿病，到high-fat-diet(HFD)的偏导性的抵抗导致了糖尿病。在PPKO老鼠为抵抗调查机制到导致HFD的多糖症，我们在主要胰岛素应答的纸巾评估了AKTphosphorylation：肝，肌肉，和脂肪。我们发现在胰的Pten损失引起在肝发信号的AKT的举起。AKT和它的下游的底层GSK3尾的phosphorylation在PPKO老鼠的肝被增加，当没有Pten等位基因的可检测的切除，PTEN水平在PPKO老鼠的肝被减少时。戏剧性地揭示的Proteomics分析减少了在PPKO老鼠的肝78-kDa铺平调整葡萄糖的蛋白质(GRP78)，它可以也贡献用HFD喂的PPKO老鼠的更低的血葡萄糖水平。一起，我们的调查结果在新陈代谢的规定在肝揭示新奇回答到胰腺的缺点，把一种新尺寸加到理解糖尿病抵抗。

简介：AbstractA 32-year-old lady presented to us at 6 months of gestation with acute pancreatitis due to parathyroid hormone-dependent hypercalcemia and with insulin-dependent hypoglycemia, owing to parathyroid adenoma and possibly insulinoma, respectively. The parathyroid adenoma was localized on the magnetic resonance imaging of the neck; however, imaging for the insulinoma could not be done due to the gravid state. Due to the simultaneous occurrence of tumours in two endocrine glands, namely, parathyroid gland and pancreatic islet cells, a diagnosis of MEN-1 (multiple endocrine neoplasia) was considered, which is very rarely seen in pregnancy. Her hypercalcemia was effectively managed with cinacalcet and alcohol ablation of the parathyroid adenoma while her hypoglycemic episodes were managed with short and long-acting octreotide injections during the antenatal period. She had a full-term cesarean delivery, with no maternal or neonatal complications, except for transient neonatal hypoglycemia. The patient was followed up for 1 year after her delivery with no further episodes of hypercalcemia and hypoglycemia, on medical management. Tc99m sestamibi scan was done after delivery which confirmed the presence of a left inferior parathyroid adenoma. MEN-1 with pregnancy thus poses a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge and our case highlights the role of multimodal medical therapy for successful management.

简介：瞄准：在胃的很好区分的内分泌的肿瘤(GWDET)(ECL房间良性肿瘤)调查cyclin依赖的激酶禁止者p21和p27的表示。方法：p21和p27的表情从匹配GWDET的诊断标准的16个病人在内视镜的活体检视标本immunhistochemically被检验。弱或强壮的积极原子染色任何一个的百分比被注意。有年龄，性，肿瘤本地化，multifocality和伴随的长期的萎缩性胃炎，神经内分泌房间增生(NEH)，神经内分泌发育异常(NED)，肠的组织变形(IM)，Ki-67增长索引和临床的结果的免疫表情的协会也被评估。结果：所有情况与43.6%的一个吝啬的表示分数表示了p27，当31.3%案例显示出任何p21表示时。p21和p27免疫表情显著地与对方一起被相关(P<0.01)，并且表示p21组有更高的p27表示分数(68%对22%)。p21和p27表情在女人是更低的，在在某处除没有粘膜下层扩展的宫底以外，其肿瘤被定位的非衰退的粘膜和盒子。在上矛盾，p21和p27表情与粘膜下层扩展和萎缩性胃炎在男性和病人是更高的。介绍更低的p27分数的盒子有独居的肿瘤显示出既不NEH-NED也不IM。尽管有，有更低的p21表示的盒子介绍了NEH-NED伴随的多焦点的肿瘤。然而，p21的关联和p27表情都没与年龄和Ki-67表示被发现。结论：p27广泛地在GWDET被表示，当p21表示在三分之二个盒子中稀少、观察时。p21和p27表情的损失可以与不同良性肿瘤肿瘤子类型被相关；然而，更多的研究被需要在胃肠的内分泌的肿瘤估计这些未来的标记的角色。