简介：Thisisanaccountofthechangesinfunding,administration,andmanagementoftheBritishGeologicalSurvey(BGS),theoldestgovernment-fundedgeologicalsurveyintheworld,fromtheearly1980sto2000.Itwillintereststudentsofpublicadministration,historiansofscienceandgeologicalsurveys,andthosewhohavefollowedtheconvolutedrecenthistoryofBGS.PeterAllenhasrenderedamostvaluableserviceindocumentinganddescribingasaninsider(heonlyrecentlyretiredfromapositionasAssistantDirector)thestrugglestomaintaintheSurveyanditsprimeroleofdiscovering,

简介：Historyandobjectives,Theambitiousandforward-lookingdecisiontoestablishapan-AfricangeologicalsocietywastakenduringthecourseofaconferenceonAfricangeologyheldinIbadan,Nigeriain1970.ASteeringCommitteewasconvenedatthatmeetingundertheChairmanshipofProfessorRussellBlackoftheDepartmentofGeology,HaileSelassieUniversity,AddisAbaba,andtheprovisionalconstitutiondraftedbyhisCommitteewasapprovedatasecondconferenceonAfricangeologyinAddisAbabain1973.ThuswastheGeologicalSocietyofAfrica(GSA.t)born.ItsfirstPresidentwasProfessorMOOwawoye(Nigeria)andDrSME1Rabba(Sudan)becameitsfirstSecretaryGeneral.

简介：TheAlpsweredevelopedfromtheCretaceousonwardsbysubductionofaMesozoicoceanandcollisionbetweentheAdriatic(Austroalpine-Southalpine)andEuropean(Penninic-Helvetic)continentalmargins.TheAustroalpine-Penninicwedgeisthecoreofthecollisionalbelt,afossilsubductioncomplexwhichfloatsontheEuropeanlowerplate.Itconsistsofcontinentalandminoroceanicnappesandismarkedbyablueschist-to-eclogite-faciesimprintofCretaceous-Eoceneage,followedbyaBarrovianoverprint.ThecollisionalwedgewaslateraccretedbytheHelveticbasementandcoverunitsandindentedbytheSouthalpinelithosphere,whichinturnwasdeformedasanantitheticfold-and-thrustbelt.

简介：TheGavdNeolithicMiningComplex(GNMC)nearBarcelonawasactiveduringtheNeolithicage,sinceca.6000BPuntilabout700yearsafter.Theseminesshowuptofivedifferentundergroundmininglevels,developedasgalleriesandchambers,communicatedthroughpits,drawingacomplexnetworkwithatotalknownlengthofover1000m.ThesearesomeoftheoldestundergroundminesinEuropebut,contrarytotherestofthemineworkingsknownofthesameepoch,thisistheonlyminingcomplexreportedtodatewhoseaimwasnotminingforconventionalsubstancesfortheepochsuchaschert,ochreorcopper.ThemainaimoftheGNMCwasvariscite,agreenphosphatemineralsimilartoturquoisethatcanbeeasilycutandpolishedtomakeornamentssuchasnecklacesorbracelets.Thispaperisfocusedmainlyonthegeologicalmappingandexaminationinsurfaceandundergroundexposuresofthedifferentphosphatemineralizationtypes(strataboundandveins)andotherrelevantgeologicalfeaturessuchasdiscordances,thrusts,faults,andfolds.

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简介：TheAmericanGeologicalInstitute(AGI)isafederationof42professionalgeoscienceorganizationsrepresentingmorethan100,000geologists,geophysicists,andotherEarthscientists.Inaddition,12regionalsocietiesareGeoscienceAssociates,150collegesanduniversitiesareAcademicAssociates,and45companiesareCorporateAssociates.GeosciencesocietiesandorganizationsoutsideoftheUnitedStatesareinvitedtoaffiliatewithAGItobecomepartofagrowinginternationalcommunityofEarthscientistsworkinginconcerttostrengthentheglobalgeosciencecommunity.

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简介：TheIXColombianGeologicalCongresswasheldinMedellinfromJuly30^thtoAugust1st,2003,exactlytwoyearsaftertheprecedingone,whichmetinManizales.

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简介：The28thInternationalSymposiumandMeetingoftheInternationalCommissionontheHistoryofGeologywasheldinDublinfrom14to18July2003.Fittingly,thevenuewastheGeologicalMuseumandDepartmentofGeologyatTrinityCollege.TheCollege,foundedin1592,hasnumerousdistinguishedgraduates,includingmanyinearthsciencesandhistory.Themuseum,agrandVictorianbuildingwithVenetianovertones,hasmadeextensiveuseofawiderangeofbuildingstonesfromIrelandandBritain,particularlyinitsbreathtakinginteriorwhereConnemara

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简介：Thelasttwenty-fiveyearsofgeologicalinvestigationoftheMediterraneanregionhavedisprovedthetraditionalnotionthattheAlpine-Himalayanmountainrangesoriginatedfromtheclosureofasingle,albeitcomplex,oceanicdomain-theTethys.Instead,thepresent-daygeologicalconfigurationoftheMediterraneanregionistheresultofthecreationandensuingconsumptionoftwomajoroceanicbasins-thePaleotethysandtheNeotethys-andofadditionalsmalleroceanicbasinswithinanoverallregimeofprolongedinteractionbetweentheEurasianandtheAfrican-Arabianplates.Ingreaterdetail,thereisstillsomedebateaboutexactlywhatTethysexistedatwhattime.Aconsensusexistsastothepresenceof(i)amainlyPaleozoicpaleotethyanoceannorthoftheCimmeriancontinent(s);(ii)ayoungerlatePaleozoic-Mesozoicneotethyanoceanlocatedsouthofthiscontinent,andfinally;(iii)amiddleJurassicocean,theAlpineTethys-Valais,anextensionofthecentralAtlanticoceaninthewesternTethyandomain.AdditionallatePaleozoictoMesozoicback-arcmarginalbasinsalongtheactiveEurasianmargincom-plicatedsomewhatthissimplepicture.Theclosureoftheseheterogeneousoceanicdomainsproducedasys-temofconnectedyetdiscreteorogenicbeltswhichvaryintermsoftiming,tectonicsettingandinternalarchi-tecture,andcannotbeinterpretedastheendproductofasingle"Alpine"orogeniccycle.InNeogenetime.followingprolongedindentationalongtheAlpinefront,anumberofsmallcontinentalmicroterranes(Kabylies,BalearicIslands,Sardinia-Cor-sica,Calabria)riftedofftheEurooean-lberiancontinan-talmarginanddriftedtowardsouthorsoutheast,leavingintheirwakeareasofthinnedcontinentalcrust(e.g.ValenciaTrough)orsmalloceanicbasins(Algerian,ProvencalandTyrrhenianbasins).TheEMediterraneanissimilarlycharacterizedbywidespreadNeogeneexten-sionaltectonism,asindicatedbythinningofcontinentalcrustalonglow-angledetachmentfaultsin

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简介：INHIGEOisalong-standingCommissionoftheInternationalUnionofGeologicalSciences(lUGS)andanAffiliateoftheInternationalUnionfortheHistoryandPhilosophyofScience(DivisionofHistoryofScience)(IUHPS(DHS)).Oflate,itsactivitiesarefundedbythesetwobodiesinaratioofabout4:1.

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简介：TheXIVIGCwasheldinSpainin1926,markingarecoverytrendintheCongressaftertheFirstWormWarintermsofthenumberofparticipantsandthenumberofrepresentedcountries.ItwasSpainthatbenefitedmostfromtheXIVIGCandprobablyneveragaintherehasgeologyreceivedsomuchpublicandofficialattention.ThispaperisoneofaseriesofarticlesonthehistoryoftheInternationalCongress.