简介：AbstractThe wide use and abuse of antibiotics could make antimicrobial resistance (AMR) an increasingly serious issue that threatens global health and imposes an enormous burden on society and the economy. To avoid the crisis of AMR, we have to fundamentally change our approach. Artificial intelligence (AI) represents a new paradigm to combat AMR. Thus, various AI approaches to this problem have sprung up, some of which may be considered successful cases of domain-specific AI applications in AMR. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no systematic review illustrating the use of these AI-based applications for AMR. Therefore, this review briefly introduces how to employ AI technology against AMR by using the predictive AMR model, the rational use of antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and antibiotic combinations, as well as future research directions.

简介：抗菌剂肽是有抗菌剂活动的多肽。从中国虾(FenneropenaeusChinensis)的抗菌剂肽基因Np3和Np5集成于OryzasativaL。subsp。装饰用的梨树cv。由Agrobacterium的Aichiashahi调停了转变系统。PCR分析证明Np3和Np5的积极比率分别地在T0产生是36%和45%。RT-PCR分析证明抗菌剂肽基因在T1产生被表示，并且在转基因的植物和非转基因的植物之间的农学的特点地没有明显的差别。四Np3和Np5在T1产生的转基因的线与Xanthomonasoryzaepv被接种。oryzae紧张CR4，和所有四根转基因的线显著地提高了抵抗到紧张CR4引起的细菌的老家。Np5转基因的线也显示出更高的抵抗到紧张JS97-2，Zhe173和OS-225引起的细菌的老家。有Np5基因力量的转基因的线拥有宽广光谱抵抗到米饭，这被建议细菌的老家。

简介：AbstractAntimicrobial resistance leads to failure of clinical antimicrobial therapy, and has raised urgent global public health concern. Humans can acquire antimicrobial resistance from drugs through the food chain or the environment (contaminated water, air, soil, or manure). While antimicrobials have been regular supplements in animal feed that maintain health and improve productivity of livestock, their over-use in feeding forage has led to a rise in antibacterial resistance. This review summarizes the current use of antimicrobials in livestock, the harmful effects of antimicrobial resistance, and the comprehensive combat measures.

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简介：AbstractThe rising threats from antimicrobial resistance due to inappropriate utilization of antimicrobial agents in health care including the pediatric population has been a topic of concern at the global level for the last several decades. The antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) is a multidisciplinary institutional initiative focusing primarily on the improvement of antimicrobial prescribing practices and limiting inappropriate use. ASPs play an important role in the implementation of healthcare strategies in pediatrics worldwide to reduce antimicrobial resistance. Many published reports demonstrate how adapted ASPs in pediatrics result in improvement of unnecessary antimicrobial utilization, decreasing drug resistance and treatment failure, minimization of adverse clinical outcomes, decreasing healthcare costs and hospital length of stay, and optimization of diagnostic strategies. However, some barriers in pediatric ASP still exist. This narrative review describes core elements of ASP, the impact of implemented ASPs on pediatric healthcare, and challenges of pediatric ASP as seen by the authors.

简介：Marineecologicalnicheshaverecentlybeendescribedas"particularlypromising"sourcesforsearchofnewantimicrobialstocombatantibiotic-resistantstrainsofpathogenicmicroorganisms.Marineorganismsareexcellentsourcesformanyindustrialproducts,buttheyarepartlyexplored.Over30000compoundshavebeenisolatedfrommarinesources.Bacteria,fungi,andcyanobacteriaobtainedfromvariousmarinesourcessecretseveralindustriallyusefulbioactivecompounds,possessingantibacterial,antifungal,andantimycobacterialactivities.Sustainablecultivationmethodsforpromisingmarineorganismsandbiotechnologicalprocessesforselectedcompoundscanbedeveloped,alongwiththeestablishmentofbiosensorsformonitoringthetargetcompounds.Thesemisyntheticmodificationsofmarine-basedbioactivecompoundsproducetheirnewderivatives,structuralanalogsandmimeticsthatcouldserveasnovelleadcompoundsagainstresistantpathogens.Thepresentreviewfocusesonpromisingantimicrobialcompoundsisolatedfrommarinemicrobesfrom1991-2013.

简介：天生的免疫为脊椎动物和无脊椎动物的幸福是必要的。这个防卫系统的关键部件包括绑在传染代理人的模式识别受体，额外--并且中继信号的细胞内蛋白质，以及消除病原体的分子和房间。我们在一只生物化学的模型昆虫一直在学习保护机制，Manduca祷告一。在这只昆虫，hemolin，peptidoglycan识别蛋白质，o-1,3-glucan识别蛋白质和C类型lectins检测微生物引起的表面分子并且导致象抗菌剂肽的吞噬作用，生节，封装，melanization和生产那样的免疫反应。一些这些回答被细胞外的丝氨酸朊酶小径调停。prophenoloxidase(proPO)的解朊的激活产出为愈合弯屈并且微生物杀死催化五人一组一的形成和黑素的活跃phenoloxidase(PO)。M。祷告血淋巴朊酶14(HP14)先锋与peptidoglycan或o-1,3-glucan交往，汽车激活，并且导致包括HP21和激活proPO朊酶(奶头)的另外的HP的激活。PAP-1，-2和-3切了proPO面对二个丝氨酸朊酶相当或相同的事物产生活跃PO。由重量的单位大头针和有细菌的朊酶相当或相同的事物的协会的朊酶的抑制保证局部性的防卫反应。M。祷告HP1，HP6，HP8，HP17和另外的朊酶可以也参予proPO激活或spcTtzle和plasmatocyte传播肽处理。

简介：43个米饭变化的DNA碎片被放大，11份教材基于植物的抵抗基因类似物(RGA)设计了，并且变化的强风抵抗被接种与33识别从云南省收集的Magnaporthegrisea孤立，中国。聚类结果与0.6117的一个关联系数揭示了在强风抵抗和DNA乐队之间的重要关联(α=0.01)，显示抵抗分析基于接种与那基于聚类分析的RGA-PCR与一致。关联系数，然而，从0.1701～0.535取决于教材。五份教材，S1/AS3，S1INV/S2INV，XLRRFor/XLRR加快，Pto-Kin1IN/Pto-Kin2在，和NLRRFor/NLRR加快可能被申请在他们的乐队数字和多型性的考虑的强风抵抗鉴定，和他们有强风抵抗的关联系数是0.5305，0.4898，0.4059，0.3719和0.3524分别地。而且，除了二个高度易受影响的变化，CO39和Lijiangxintuanheigu的indica和装饰用的梨树米饭，能被11份教材很好分类。

简介：Thetangentresistanceontheinterfaceofthesoil-moldboardisanimportantcomponentoftheresistancetomovingsoil.Wedevelopedsimplifiedmechanicalmodelstoanalyzethisresistance.Wefoundthatitiscomposedoftwocomponents,thefrictionalandadhesiveresistances.Thesetwocomponentsoriginatefromthesoilpore,whichinducedacapillarysuctioneffect,andthesoil-moldboardcontactareaproducedtangentadhesiveresistance.Thesetwocomponentsvarieddifferentlywithsoilmoisture.Thuswepredictedthatresistancereductionagainstsoilexertedonthenon-smoothbionicmoldboardismainlyduetotheeliminationofcapillarysuctionandthereductionofphysical-chemicaladsorptionofsoil.

简介：重复的血费用在整个他们的寿命钟声使蚊子成为了许多疾病代理人的理想的传输器。向量控制是为联系蚊子的疾病的控制的当前的全球策略的很重要的部分，杀虫药剂申请是在这个努力的最重要的部件。Pyrethroids，说明25%世界杀虫药剂市场，当前是为蚊子的室内的控制的最广泛地使用的杀虫药剂，唯一的化学药品为蚊帐的处理被推荐，为在非洲阻止疟疾的主要工具。然而，忍受蚊子的疾病现在是苏醒的，主要因为在蚊子向量和寄生虫的反寄生虫抗药性发展了的杀虫药剂电阻。这篇论文考察我们在在蚊子带topyrethroid电阻的敏感管理新陈代谢的解毒和目标地点的发展的分子的机制的当前的知识。

简介：

简介：Inthepresentstudy,27multi-drugresistantstrainsofPseudomonasaeruginosawereisolatedfromclinicalspecimensinourhospitalfromJan2005toNov2005,inwhichtheresistantgenesencodingβ-lactamaseincludingTEM,SHV,OXA,PER,VEB,GES,CARB,IMP,VIM,SPM,GIM,DHAandOprD2weretestedbyPCRamplificationandsequencedbyDNAsequencer.Itwasfoundthatthedetectionratesofbla_(VEB),bla_(GES)andbla_(CARB)genesinthese27isolatesofP.aeruginosawere11.1%,11.1%and48.1%,respectively,butalmosttheoprD2genewaslacked(92.6%).Inaddition,theresistantgenesencodingTEM,SHV,OXA,PER,IMP,VIM,SPM,GIMandDHAβ-lactamasewereallnotfound.Itwasalsodemonstratedthatthesequenceofbla_(VEB)geneappearedtobeidenticaltothatofthebla_(VEB-1)(AY536743),whilethebla_(CES)andbla_(CARB)genesshared99%identitywithbla_(GES-1)(AY219651)andbla_(CARB-3)(S46063)genes.Fromtheseobservations,itisevidentthatP.aeruginosacarryingthebla_(VES),bla_(GES)andbla_(CARB)resistantgenesisolatedinourhospitalconferstheresistancetoβ-lactams,andthelossoftheoprD2genemaybetheimportantcausetodevelopresistancetoimipeneminP.aeruginosa.

简介：AbstractAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are the natural antibiotics recognized for their broad-spectrum resistance to bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites, and influencing the host immune responses. AMPs attributed to good biological effects have been used in various areas of human health, which are trying to completely replace antibiotics, owing to serious drug-resistance bacteria. However, limited bioactivity and potential biotoxicity of some AMPs was neglected, attributable to their hydrophobic structure with positive charges and nonspecific destruction of cell membranes. Various strategies have been used to design and biosynthetic optimized AMPs to improve their bioactivity, productivity, while lowering host toxicity and cost. Here, we focus on the progress made in understanding the AMPs, including biosynthesis (AMP-BioDesign 1.0 and 2.0), bioactivity (e.g. immune regulation and broad-spectrum or nonspecific actions against bacteria, viruses or parasites), and principle biotoxicity (e.g. hemolysis, acute toxicity and instability, ect). The application prospects of AMP for human health, clinical medicine (for novel drugs), tissue engineering and drug delivery system, respectively, are summarized in this review. Furthermore, future prospects and new strategy for the development of effective and low-toxic AMP formulations for human health are discussed.

简介：AbstractThe emergence of antimicrobial resistance attributed to the overuse and abuse of antibiotics severely endangers global biosafety. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) produced by various living organisms exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties with a low propensity to the resistance. However, the application of AMPs has been greatly limited owing to their poor stability, high manufacturing cost, and high cytotoxicity. Thus, AMP-mimetic antimicrobial cationic polymers with cationic and amphiphilic moieties have attracted considerable attention as antimicrobial agents. These polymers typically exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities, negligible antimicrobial resistance, and rapid bactericidal effect. These polymers exhibit low hemolysis and cytotoxicity by optimizing their chemical structures. In this study, we summarize the design principles and current findings of antimicrobial cationic polymers and identify potential candidates for developing innovative polymeric antimicrobials.

简介：AbstractAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small molecules produced by a myriad of cells and play important roles not only in protecting against infections and sustaining skin barrier homeostasis but also in contributing to immune dysregulation under pathological conditions. Recently, increasing evidence has indicated that AMPs, including cathelicidin (LL-37), human β-defensins, S100 proteins, lipocalin 2, and RNase 7, are highly expressed in psoriatic skin lesions. These peptides broadly regulate immunity by interacting with various immune cells and linking innate and adaptive immune responses during the progression of psoriasis. In this review, we summarize the recent findings regarding AMPs in the pathogenesis of psoriasis with a main focus on their immunomodulatory abilities.

简介：AbstractIn recent years, the research of immune checkpoint inhibitors has made a great breakthrough in lung cancer treatment. Currently, a variety of immune checkpoint inhibitors have been applied into clinical practice, including antibodies targeting the programmed cell death-1, programmed cell death-ligand 1, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4, and so on. However, not all patients can benefit from the treatment. Abnormal antigen presentation, functional gene mutation, tumor microenvironment, and other factors can lead to primary or secondary resistance. In this paper, we reviewed the molecular mechanism of immune checkpoint inhibitor resistance and various combination strategies to overcome resistance, in order to expand the beneficial population and enable precision medicine.

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简介：昆虫主人--parasitoid相互作用包含复杂生理、生物化学、基因的相互作用。对endoparasitoids，免疫者能干的主人开始血快速破坏入侵者并且包围的调停房间的反应他们在multilayered以黑色素为特征的囊。在过去的十年期间，可观的进步在识别一些主人反应的批评部件被取得了，主要因为有效分子的工具的使用。这评论检验一些果蝇的天生的免疫反应的部件，为学习非自我识别担任了一个特别好的试验性的模型的一只昆虫处理并且有免疫力的房间发信号机制。在这评论考虑的话题包括血球，melanogenesis和联系细胞毒素的分子的造血作用，增长和粘附，并且host-parasitoid相互作用的基因方面。

简介：Byusing304recombinantinbredlinesderivedfromindicaricecrossZhong156/Gumei2,alinkagemapconsistingof177markerlociandcovering12ricechromosomeswasconstructedandemployedformappinggenesconferringblastresistanceinrice.GenomiclocationofgenePi25(t)conferringneckblastresistancetotheChineseisolate92-183(raceZC15)wasverifiedtobelocatedbetweenmarkersA7andRG456onchromosome6,withgeneticdistancesof1.7cMand1.5cMtoA7andRG456,respectively.LeafblastresistanceofGumei2tothePhilippineisolateCa89(lineage4)wasfoundtobecontrolledbyasinglegene.ThegenetentativelydesignatedasPi26(t)waslocatedbetweenmakersB10andR674onchromosome6,withgeneticdistancesof5.7cMand25.8cMtoB10andR674respectively.ResistantallelesatbothgenelociwerederivedfromGumei2,indicatinganexistenceofresistancegeneclusterinGumei2.

简介：到鞘老家(SB)的瑞斯抵抗被多基因或量的特点loci(QTL)控制并且由植物影响了词法特点。qSB-9TQ和TAC1分别地，控制SB抵抗和tiller角度(TA)的TQ,被采用测试二基因的联合是否将进一步改进米饭SB抵抗和还原剂收益损失而非仅仅他们或两个都不之一。用二根近的isogenic线(无)，TAC1TQ被证实贡献SB抵抗。然而，它的效果不比qSB-9TQ。随后，二基因被介绍进二个商业米饭变化开发一系列无。带两TAC1TQ和qSB-9TQ比仅仅包含他们之一的无显示出更多的抵抗。每植物比较谷物收益(欺骗)在三个不同SB疾病条件下面，也就是细微、中等、严重的条件，带显然失去的两基因的无降低没有带仅仅TAC1TQ。在细微疾病状况下面，没有重要差别在形态学上被发现，开发并且欺骗除了在带他们的基因和任何一个的无之间的TA联系了特点，显示二基因没在米饭上有劣等的效果农学的特点。结果显示了那TAC1TQ和qSB-9TQ有高繁殖的潜力，和节节上升的SB抵抗QTL和词法特点QTL是在改进米饭SB抵抗的一条潜在的途径。