简介：Experimentalresultsonthethermalcharacteristicsofair-watersprayimpingementcoolingofhotmetallicsurfacearepresentedanddiscussedinthispaper.Thecontrollinginputparametersinvestigatedwerethecombinedairandwaterpressures,platethickness,waterflowrate,nozzleheightfromthetargetsurfaceandinitialtemperatureofthehotsurface.Theeffectsoftheseinputparametersontheimportantthermalcharacteristicssuchasheattransferrate,heattransfercoefficientandwettingfrontmovementweremeasuredandexamined.Hotflatplatesamplesofmildsteelwithdimension120mminlength,120mmbreadthandthicknessof4mm,6mm,and8mmrespectivelyweretested.Theairassistedwaterspraywasfoundtobeaneffectivecoolingmediaandmethodtoachieveveryhighheattransferratefromthesurface.Higherheattransferrateandheattransfercoefficientswereobtainedforthelesseri.e,4mmthickplates.Increaseinthenozzleheightreducedtheheattransferefficiencyofspraycooling.Ataninletwaterpressureof4barandairpressureof3bar,maximumcoolingrates670℃/sandaveragecoolingrateof305.23℃/swereachievedforatemperatureof850℃ofthesteelplate.

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简介：气候变化和水资源问题是国际社区的普通担心的全球问题，并且他们是在西北中国的干旱区域影响eco环境和持续社会经济的开发的主要瓶颈。根据从以前的研究的结果，这份报纸指出西北中国的唯一的风景增加气候系统的复杂性和无常。这篇论文在这个区域在社会经济的开发和生态的安全分析关键限制，在西北中国在水资源上讨论气候变化的影响，鉴别普通主题和在关于气候的研究在场的主要问题在干旱西北区域改变并且流水资源，并且最后，基于在区域水资源上进行研究的重要性和紧急，建议需要被探讨的科学问题：首先，形成，变换和在这个区域的水资源的未来趋势上的气候变化的影响；第二，高分辨率的地区性的气候模型和水周期的双向联合干旱区域陆地表面模式当模特儿；第三，气候变化的影响和干旱西北区域的水资源上的人的活动。通过上面的考虑和讨论，这篇论文寻求进一步澄清关于在西北中国压与气候变化和水资源有关的问题的研究的特定的区域，改变并且流水缺乏以便为显著地提高我们的能力对气候作出回应建立一个稳固的科学基础。

简介：在南方印度洋的年度subduction率被分析数据吸收(苏打)在19502008的时期输出的简单海洋计算。为潜在的密度班的subduction率普查在南方印度洋副热带的旋回的西南的部分显示出相应于印度洋副热带的模式水(IOSTMW)的一座山峰。混合层深度越深，在现在的气候学的混合层前面和联系相对更快的发行量越sharper导致了更大的侧面的正式就职，它首先dominantsIOSTMWsubduction率，当时与从垂直的抽的仅仅次要的贡献。没有概论的损失，通过在最小的垂直温度坡度(LMVTG)的层的水特征的小心的分析，作者建议IOSTMW作为thermostad被识别，与低潜在的涡度的侧面的最小(PV，吗不到200湯漠?敌????猯'T￣牯嘠污猼扵?????汁?桴獥??晲捡楴獮栠摡猠杩楮楦慣瑮愠瑣癩瑩?湡?瑳'L汩瑩?景攠畭獬晩捩瑡潩?湵敤?慶楲畯???牦浯??琠?㈱??琠浥数慲畴敲爠湡敧?牦浯㈠‰潴ㄠ?讬鶝??顟????醰??????颮鑈？？

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简介：Confinementcaninduceunusualbehaviorsofwater.Inspiredbythefabricationofcarbonnanotubeswithnoneircularcrosssections,weperformedmoleculardynamicssimulationstoinvestigatethemo-bilitiesofwaterconfinedincarbonnanochannelswithcircular,square,andequilateraltriangularcrosssectionsoveravarietyofdimensions.Wefindthatwaterexhibitsdisparatemobilitiesacrossdifferenttypesofchannelsbelow0.796nm^2.Notably,comparedwiththeothertwochannels,waterinequi-lateraltriangularchannelsdisplaysthegreatestmobilities.Moreover,at0.425nm^2,differentorderedstructuresarefoundinthethreechannels,andwaterinsidethesquarechannelexhibitsanextremelylowInobility.Itisalsofoundthatabove0.796nm^2,themobilitiesalongthetubeaxisofwatercon-vergetothatofthebulk.Thesephenomenaareunderstoodbyanalyzingthestructure,dynamics,andhydrogenbondingofwater.Ourworkexploresthemobilitiesofwateracrossnoncireularcarbonnanoehannels,whichmayexpandtheprospectofnoneireularnanochannelsinscientificstudiesandpracticalapplications,suchasdesalinationanddrugdelivery.

简介：Therighttowaterisanemergingsortofhumanrightsaimingtoprotecttherighttowaterindispensableforthesurvivalanddevelopmentofindividuals.FromtheperspectiveofInternationalHumanRightsLaw,thepaperanalyzesthestandardsstipulatingtheinternationalobligationstosafeguardtherighttowater,inspectsthestatequooftheprotectionoftherighttowaterinChinaanddemonstratesthelawfulsuggestionstosafeguardtherighttowater.

简介：OurexperimentsshowthatexternalfocusingandinitiallaserenergystronglyinfluencesfilamentgeneratedbythefemtosecondTi–sapphirelaserinair.Theexperimentalmeasurementsshowthefilamentlengthcanbeextendedbothbyincreasingthelaserenergyandfocallengthoffocusinglens.Ontheotherhand,theplasmafluorescenceemissioncanbeenhancedbyincreasingthelaserenergywithfixedfocallengthordecreasingthefocallength.Inaddition,thecollapsedistancemeasuredexperimentallyarelargerthanthecalculatedonesowingtothegroup-velocity-dispersioneffect.Inaddition,wefindthatthelinewidthsofthespectrallinesfromN2isindependentoffilamentpositions,laserenergiesandexternalfocusing.

简介：Inordertodevelopanewstrategytodepositnano-particlesizedwateroxidationcatalystbasedonearthabundantelementtothephotoanodeinaphotoelectrochemicalcellforwatersplitting,Co3O4aswateroxidationcatalystwaspreparedandsubsequentlymodifiedby3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane.TheaminofunctionalizedCo3O4catalystwascarefullycharacterizedandthenintegratedtotherutheniumdyesensitizedphotoelectrodethroughfastSchiffbasereaction.CyclicvoltammetryexperimentsinthedarkconfirmedthatthemodifiedCo3O4catalystwasstillactivetowardwateroxidation,whichcouldbeinitiatedbyoxidationoftherutheniumphotosensitizer.Undervisiblelightirradiation,incorporationofthemodifiedCo3O4catalystresultedindramaticenhancementofthetransientphotocurrentdensityforthephotoanode,whichwas8timeshigherthanthatofwithoutCo3O4catalyst.

简介：空气污染是快速的都市化和经济开发在中国带的一个严重问题，强加对人口健康和社会的可持续性的大挑战和威胁。基于监视从2013～2014为每个中国城市获得的数据的即时空气质量，空气污染的空间与时间的特征用各种各样的探索空间数据分析工具被分析。与空间econometric模型一起，这份报纸进一步确定在公民和地区性的规模的空气质量上的社会经济的因素的影响。结果如下：(1)从2013～2014，城市的空气质量的天依从的百分比增加了，但是空气污染败坏了，在有差的空气质量的区域的变得更坏的状况变得更明显。(2)空气质量的变化出现一清楚的时间的结合地区性的社会经济的活动，基本上在白天并且相对相对差擅长夜里。(3)城市的空气污染显示出一个空间模式在在南方的北方和光在在西方的东方和光重、重。(4)地区性的城市的空气污染的全面程度和分发有清楚地不同的特征。因为关键城市的污染是那些城市spreadsregional外套污染的aggravatedpollution，地区性的空气污染的形成和进化能基本上被导致是在污染governanceregional污染关节预防的aggravatedthe钥匙城市铅，控制总的来说是implementedregional污染被减少。(5)在公民，水平，精力消费，工业化和工艺的进步是在优秀、经济开发是的城市的空气变得更坏的主要因素为那质量的改进的一位重要司机。(6)由资源，环境和开发舞台影响了，社会经济的因素在空气质量上有强烈可变的影响，在在不同区域的方向和紧张。基于结论，地区性的区别和在中国的开发和环境变化被讨论的在经济之间的关系的发展想法。

简介：Inthiswork,laserinducedtungstenplasmahasbeeninvestigatedintheabsenceandpresenceof0.6Tstatictransversemagneticfieldatatmosphericpressureinair.Thespectroscopiccharacterizationoflaserinducedtungstenplasmawasexperimentallystudiedusingspace-resolvedemissionspectroscopy.Theatomicemissionlinesoftungstenshowedasignificantenhancementinthepresenceofamagneticfield,whiletheionicemissionlinesoftungstenpresentedlittlechange.Temporalvariationoftheopticalemissionlinesoftungstenindicatedthattheatomicemissiontimeinthepresenceofamagneticfieldwaslongerthanthatintheabsenceofamagneticfield,whilenosignificantchangesoccurredfortheionicemissiontime.Thespatialresolutionofopticalemissionlinesoftungstendemonstratedthatthespatialdistributionofatomsandionswereseparated.Theinfluenceofamagneticfieldonthespatialdistributionofatomswasremarkable,whereasthespatialdistributionofionswaslittleinfluencedbythemagneticfield.Thedifferentbehaviorsbetweenionsandatomswithandwithoutmagneticfieldinairwererelatedtothevariousatomicprocessesespeciallytheelectronsandionsrecombinationprocessduringtheplasmaexpansionandcoolingprocess.

简介：Inthispaper,a3Dmagneto-hydrodynamic(MHD)arcsimulationmodelisappliedtoanalyzethearcmotionduringcurrentinterruptioninacertainaircircuitbreaker(ACB).Thedistributionsofpressure,temperature,gasflowandcurrentdensityofthearcplasmainthearcregionarecalculated,andthefactorsinfluencingthecommutationprocessareanalyzedaccordingtothecalculatedresults.Basedontheairflowinthearcchamber,thecausesofarccommutationasynchronyandthebackcommutationareinvestigated.Itindicatesthatareasonablecontactspacedesigniscrucialtoasuccessfularccommutationprocess.Toverifythesimulationresults,theinfluenceofcontactspaceonarcvoltageandarccommutationistested.ThisresearchcanprovidemethodsandreferencestotheoptimizationofACBdesign.

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简介：Asawidelyusedfloodenergydissipator,thesteppedspillwaycansignificantlydissipatethekineticorhydraulicenergyduetotheair-entrainmentinskimmingflowoverthesteps.Thefree-surfaceaerationinvolvesthesharpdeformationofthefreesurfaceandthecomplexturbulentshearflows.Inthisstudy,thevolumeoffluid(VOF),mixture,andEulerianmethodsareutilizedtosimulatetheair-entrainmentbycouplingwiththeReynolds-averagedNavier–Stokes/largeeddysimulation(RANS/LES)turbulencemodels.Thefreesurfacedeformation,airvolumefraction,pressure,andvelocityarecomparedforthethreedifferentnumericalmethods.OnlytheEulerian+RANSmethodfailstocapturethefree-surfaceaeration.TheairvolumefractionpredictedbytheVOF+LESmethodbestmatchestheexperimentalmeasurement,whilethemixture+LESmethodpredictstheinceptionpointoftheairentrainmentmoreaccurately.

简介：一个专业化电气化学的测量房间被插进一个飞行员水分发系统模仿管子内部墙的腐蚀。线性polarisation抵抗(LPR)技术和电气化学的阻抗光谱学(EIS)在实时被测量学习腐蚀率(CR)和生铁的规模的变化。三个腐蚀阶段根据LPR分析被观察：有显著地波动的CR的一个起始的阶段，有慢慢地减少的CR的一个发展阶段，并且有约0.1575公里的低CR的一个稳定的阶段?晡整?潖摮镲??鲹秪琀牥獩楴?畣癲?湡污獹獥?敒?瑬?桔?敲畣牲湥散朠潲灵攠桸扩瑩摥猠杩楮楦慣瑮祬栠杩敨??楤敭?倨??????湡???倨???????敬敶獬愠摮愠琠敲摮琠睯牡?楨桧牥瀠慬整敬?敬敶獬???????桔?灯楴慭?畣潴晦瘠污敵?敷敲ㄠ??e并且衰退emission-to-output比率在动态综合气候经济模型，描述了投射的碳排放是有艾尔2包含锡的O3-MgO-TiOx核心被发现是？？