简介：Asadevelopingcountrywithalargepopulationandafragileecologicalenvironment,Chinaisparticularlyvulnerabletotheadverseeffectsofclimatechange.BeginningwiththeRioConferenceof1992Chinahasplayedaprogressivelyenhancedroleincombatingclimatechange.Aseriesofpoliciesandmeasurestoaddressclimatechangehavebeentakenintheoverallcontextofnationalsustainabledevelopmentstrategy,makingpositivecontributionstothemitigationandadaptationtoclimatechange,among...

简介：AdistributionmapofPinusyunnanensiswasmadeaccordingtothedataongeographicaldistributionofP.yunnanensisbymeansofapplyinggeographicinformationsystemssoftwareArcGIS,andtheclimaticparametersofthedistributionareasforP.yunnanensisweredeterminedbytheclimateforecastmodelClimateChina.TherelationshipbetweenthegeographicaldistributionofP.yunnanensisandtheclimatewasstudiedbyadoptingtheindexesofKiraincludingthewarmthindex(WI),coldnessindex(CI)andaridityindex(K),Xu’shumidityindex(HI),Holdridge’slifetemperature(BT),potentialevapotranspiration(PET),potentialevapotranspirationratio(PER)andthesinglefactorsasthemeanannualtemperature,themeantemperatureinJanuary,themeantemperatureinJuly,themeanannualprecipitation,the>5℃accumulatedtemperature,the>18℃accumulatedtemperature,themaximumtemperature,theminimumtemperature,thetemperaturevariation,theratiooftemperatureandprecipitationoftheyear,etc.AndtheKira’swater-temperatureindexesondistributionalupperlimit,lowlimitandnorthlimitwerediscussed.ThemajorclimaticfactorseffectingthedistributionofP.yunnanensiswerescreenedoutbystatisticalanalysissoftwareSPSSandtheresultsshowedtheimpactfactorsareintheorderoftemperature>humidity>thetemperaturedifferencebetweenmeanwarmestmonthtemperatureandmeancoldestmonthtemperature.

简介：Forestryandforestecosystemarehighlysensitivetoclimatechange.Atpresent,studiesabouttheresponsesofforeststoclimatechangeinChinaaremorefocusedonphysicalinfluencesofclimatechange.Thispaperfirstlydividedthekeyimpactfactorsofclimatechangeonforestandforestrydevelopingintodirectfactorsandindirectfactors,andthenmadeanassessmentonclimatechangeaffectingfutureforestrydevelopmentfromtheaspectofforestproductsandecologicalservices.Onthisbasis,theadap...

简介：AspecialinterpolationprogramGREENhasbeendevelopedtodeterminetheclimaticparametersforthedistributionregionofChinesepine(PinustabulaeformisCarr.)basedontheresearchesonthedistributionofthetreespecies.Thecentralregion,whichisthemostsuitabledistributionregion,andpotentialdistributionregionofthespeciesundercurrentclimaticconditionsweremappedusingaGeographicInformationSystemIDRISI.Accordingtotheaveragedpredictionsby5GCMsfor2030,aprojecti...

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简介：Background:ThefragilelandscapesoftheHimalayanregionarehighlysusceptibletonaturalhazards,andthereisongoingconcernaboutcurrentandpotentialclimatechangeimpacts.ThisstudyprovidesbackgroundinformationonIndia'sWesternHimalayasandreviewsevidenceofwarmingaswellasvariabilityinprecipitationandextremeevents.Methods:UnderstandingandanticipatingtheimpactsofclimatechangeonHimalayanforestecosystemsandtheservicestheyprovidetopeoplearecritical.Effortstodevelopandimplementeffectivepoliciesandmanagementstrategiesforclimatechangemitigationandadaptationrequiresparticularnewresearchinitiatives.Thevariousstudiesinitiatedandconductedintheregionarecompiledhere.Results:SeveralnewinitiativestakenbytheHimalayanForestResearchInstituteinShimlaaredescribed.Thisincludesnewpermanentobservationalfieldstudies,somewithmappedtrees,inhighaltitudetransitionalzonesforcontinuousmonitoringofvegetationresponse.WehavealsopresentednewstrategiesformitigatingpotentialclimatechangeeffectsinHimalayanforestecosystems.Conclusions:AssessmentoftheecologicalandgeneticdiversityoftheHimalayanconifersisrequiredtoevaluatepotentialresponsestochangingclimaticconditions.Conservationstrategiesfortheimportanttemperatemedicinalplantsneedtobedeveloped.TheimpactofclimatechangeoninsectsandpathogensintheHimalayasalsoneedtobeassessed.Coordinatedeffortsarenecessarytodevelopeffectivestrategiesforadaptationandmitigation.

简介：Climatechangeisthelargeststressfactorchallengingglobalterritorialecosystem.Thediscussiononlanddegradationcontrolinaridecosystemunderthecontextofclimatechangeforincreasingthecapacitytomitigateandadapttotheclimatechangeandgraduallyrestoringtheintegratedproductionpotentialoriginallypossessedbylandecosystemisapressingissuetoaddress.Thepaperanalyzedtheeffectofclimatechangeonlanddegradationinaridecosystem,anddescribedtheprotectionandrehabilitationofforest,grasslandandfarmlandecosystems,andtheenhancementoftheresponsetoclimatechangeandtheimprovementofpeople’slivelihoodfromtheviewpointofintegratedecosystemmanagement.Thisstudyisexpectedtoofferanewconceptforlanddegradationcontrolandsustainablemanagementofaridecosysteminthecontextofglobalclimatechange.

简介：Background:Climatechangeislikelytocausesignificantmodificationsinforests.Risingtothischallengemayrequireadaptationofforestmanagement,andthereforeshouldtriggerproactivemeasuresbyforestmanagers,butitisuncleartowhatextentthisisalreadyhappening.Methods:ThesurveycarriedoutinthisresearchassesseshowforeststakeholdersinBelgiumperceivetheroleoftheirforestmanagementinthecontextofclimatechangeandtheimpedimentsthatlimittheirabilitytoprepareandrespondtothesechanges.Results:Respondentsindicatedstrongawarenessofthechangingclimate,withmorethantwo-thirds(71%)expressingconcernabouttheimpactsofclimatechangeontheirforests.However,lessthanone-thirdoftherespondents(32%)reportedmodifyingtheirmanagementpracticesmotivatedbyclimatechange.Amongthemajorconstraintslimitingtheirclimaterelatedactions,lackofinformationwasconsideredthemostimportantformanagersofbothpublicandprivateforests.Conclusions:Knowledgetransferisanessentialconditionforresearchtoleadtoinnovation.Improvingthecommunicationanddemonstrationofpossiblesolutionsforclimatechangeadaptationisthereforelikelytobethemosteffectivestrategyforincreasingtheiradoption.

简介：在带的高潮植被上在东北中国和调查从210个气象学的车站基于数据，Kira的温暖索引(Wl)，寒冷索引(Cl)，并且徐文铎的湿度索引(Hl)被采用模仿并且在气候下面预言植被eco边界的动力学在东北中国温暖。带的高潮植被的未来植被eco边界改变类型能被划分成三种类型，例如扩大植被eco边界种类(为45鈥?的Wl价值范围5掳C路月)它将在温暖的气候下面向北移动，撤退植被eco边界种类(为25鈥?的Wl价值范围5掳C路月)它将从现在的地区，和绝灭的人口种类撤退(为5鈥?的Wl价值范围5掳C路月)它将被扑灭因为生态系统t在东北中国，为纬度的15掳和2600m有差别高度。基于我们的研究结果，edificators将向北移动大约400鈥?00km，大草原植被将移动eastwords900km，和人口将向上移动大约260鈥?在山的60m如果全球温度以后增加2掳C。然而，当纬度和高度增加了，动人的距离将变得越来越短。因此，在在Daxing'an山和Changbai山的高山的冻土带地区的人口可能消失。当他们放下了策略以后对气候变化作出回应时，结果被期望供应参考到本地管理。

简介：Globalclimatechangehascausedphenologychangeofvegetation.Thisisespeciallyobviousinurbanarea.ThispaperrevealsresponsemechanismofspringphenologyofmaingymnosperminHarbinCitypropertoclimatechangebasedonrelationshipstudybetweentwotypicalphenophases(beginningofbudburstandbeginningofleafexpansion)ofKoreanpine(Pinuskoraiensis),Koyamaspruce(PiceakoraiensisNakai),needlefir(Abiesnephrolepis)andPinussylvestnisvar.mongolicaLitv.andthetemperatureofeveryten...

简介：Climatechangeisagreatconcernofvariouscountries,thepublicandsciencecommunity,andforestplaysanimportantroleinmitigatingclimatechange.ThepapermadeacomprehensiveanalysisregardingthepolicyselectionsofChinatopromoteforestryresponsetotheglobalclimatechange,andelaboratedtheconcreteactionsandachievementsinthisregard.Policyselectionsinclude:1)Reinforcetreeplantingandafforestation,increasetheforestedareaandenhancethecapacityofcarbonsequestration...

简介：Background:Forestmanagementfacesaclimateinducedshiftingrowthpotentialandincreasingcurrentandemergingnewrisks.Vulnerabilityanalysisprovidesdecisionsupportbasedonprojectionsofnaturalresourcestakingrisksanduncertaintiesintoaccount.Inthispaperwe(1)characterizedifferencesinforestdynamicsunderthreemanagementscenarios,(2)analysetheeffectsofthethreescenariosontworiskfactors,windthrowanddroughtstress,and(3)quantifytheeffectsandtheamountofuncertaintyarisingfromclimateprojectionsonheightincrementanddroughtstress.Methods:InfourregionsinnorthernGermany,weapplythreecontrastingmanagementscenariosandprojectforestdevelopmentunderclimatechangeuntil2070.Threeclimateruns(minimum,median,maximum)basedontheemissionscenarioRCP8.5controlthesite-sensitiveforestgrowthfunctions.Theminimumandmaximumclimaterundefinetherangeofprospectiveclimatedevelopment.Results:Theprojectionsofdifferentmanagementregimesuntil2070showthedivergingmedium-termeffectsofthinningsandharvestsandlong-termeffectsofspeciesconversiononaregionalscale.Examplesofwindthrowvulnerabilityanddroughtstressrevealhowadaptationmeasuresdependontheappliedmanagementpathandthedecision-maker’sriskattitude.Uncertaintyanalysisshowstheincreasingvariabilityofdroughtriskprojectionswithtime.Theeffectofclimateprojectionsonheightgrowtharequantifiedanduncertaintyanalysisrevealsthatheightgrowthofyoungtreesisdominatedbytheage-trendwhereastheclimatesignalinheightincrementofoldertreesisdecisive.Conclusions:Droughtriskisaseriousissueintheeasternregionsindependentoftheappliedsilviculturalscenario,butadaptationmeasuresarelimitedastheproportionofthemostdroughttolerantspeciesScotspineisalreadyhigh.Windthrowriskisnoseriousoverallthreatinanyregion,butadequatecounter-measuressuchasspeciesconversion,speciesmixtureorreductiono

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简介：Background:RecentprojectionsexpectthatVietnamwillbeaffectedmostseverelybyclimatechangewithhighertemperatures,moreprecipitationandrisingsealevels.Especiallyincreasedtemperatureswillworsenthesituationsincities,amplifyingtheurbanheatislandeffect.Greeninfrastructures,i.e.urbantreesareacommontooltoimprovetheurbanmicro-climateforhumans.Vitalandwellgrowingtreesprovidegreatestbenefitssuchasevaporativecooling,shading,airfilteringandcarbonstorage.However,urbantreegrowthisoftennegativelyaffectedbyurbangrowingconditionssuchashighsoilsealingwithcompactedtreepitsprovidingsmallgrowingspaceswithlimitedwater,nutrientandoxygensupply,furtherwarmtemperaturesandhighpollutionemissions.ThisstudyanalyzedthegrowthofurbanandruralAfricanmahogany{Khoyosenegalensis(Desr.)A.Juss.)treesinthecityofHanoi,Vietnamandtheeffectsofthesurroundingclimateconditionsontreegrowth.Results:TheresultsshowedthatruralAfricanmahoganytreesgrewbetterthantreessituatedinthecitycenter,whichiscontrarytootherresultsontreegrowthoftemperateandsubtropicalcitiesworldwide.Moreovertreegrowthwassimilarregardlessofthetimeofgrowth.OtherresultsregardingstemgrowthofAfricanmahoganylocatedindifferentareasofHanoi(east,west,north,citycenter)revealedabettergrowthinthenorthernandwesternoutskirtsofthecitycomparedtothegrowthoftreesinthecitycenter.Conclusion:AfricanmahoganytreesintheurbancentersofHanoishowedadecreasedgrowthcomparedtoruraltrees,whichwaslikelyinducedbyalowground-waterlevelandhighpollutionrates.Inviewofclimatechangeandglobalwarming,thedecreasedtreegrowthinthecitycentermayalsoaffeatreeserviceprovisionsuchasshadingandcooling.ThoseclimatemitigationsolutionsarestronglyneededinareasseverelyaffectedbyclimatechangeandglobalwarmingsuchasVietnam.

简介：Byelaboratingthefunctionsandeffectsofforestryinmitigatingclimatechange,introducingtheconceptsandsignificanceofforestcarbonsink,forestrycarbonsequestration,andcarbonsequestrationforestry,andsummarizingthepracticesofcarbonsequestrationforestryinChina,thepapercameupwiththeoutlineforstrengtheningthemanagementofcarbonsequestrationforestry,i.e.implementingtheClimateChangeForestryActionPlan,reinforcingtheaccountingandmonitoringofnationalforestcar...

简介：Background:IntheGermanDemocraticRepublic(GDR),resintappinginScotspine(PinussylvestrisL.)forestswasamajoreconomicactivity,andresin-tappedstandsarefrequentlyfoundupuntilthisday.Inthisstudy,weinvestigatehowthemechanicaldamagecausedbyresintappingaffectsthegrowthandclimatesensitivityofScotspineusingadendroecologicalapproach.Methods:Tree-ringsampleswerecollectedfromresin-tappedandnon-tappedtreesintwoforestareasinnortheasternGermany,andtree-growthpatternswereanalyzed.Forelucidatingeffectsofresintappingontheclimatesensitivityofpinegrowth,climate-growthrelationshipsandpointeryearswerestudied.Results:Weobservedthatresintappingpositivelyaffectstreegrowthatbreastheight,likelyaswoodformationisconcentratedonthelivingpartofthebole(i.e.aftertappingthereisnogrowthtakingplaceonthetappingfaceduetothemechanicaldamagedonetothecambium).Weobservednodifferencesintheclimatesensitivityoftappedandnon-tappedtrees,norintheoccurrenceofextremegrowthresponses.Conclusion:Ourresultshighlightthatresinextractionis,apartfrominflictingmechanicaldamage,notalteringthesensitivityofScotspinegrowthtoclimaticconditions.

简介：Background:Successionalpaludification,adynamicprocessthatleadstotheformationofpeatlands,isinfluencedbyclimaticfactorsandsitefeaturessuchassurficialdepositsandsoiltexture.Inborealregions,projectedclimatechangeandcorrespondingmodificationsinnaturalfireregimesareexpectedtoinfluencethepaludificationprocessandforestdevelopment.TheobjectiveofthisstudywastoforecastthedevelopmentofborealpaludifiedforestsinnortheasternNorthAmericainrelationtoclimatechangeandmodificationsinthenaturalfireregimefortheperiod2011–2100.Methods:Apaludificationindexwasbuiltusingstatic(e.g.surficialdepositsandsoiltexture)anddynamic(e.g.moistureregimeandsoilorganiclayerthickness)standscalefactorsavailablefromforestmaps.Theindexconsideredtheeffectsofthreetemperatureincreasescenarios(i.e.+1°C,+3°Cand+6°C)andprogressivelydecreasingfirecycle(from300yearsfor2011–2041,to200yearsfor2071–2100)onpeataccumulationrateandsoilorganiclayer(SOL)thicknessatthestandlevel,andpaludificationatthelandscapelevel.Results:Ourindexshowthatinthecontextwhereintheabsenceoffirethelandscapecontinuestopaludify,thenegativeeffectofclimatechangeonpeataccumulationresultedinlittlemodificationtoSOLthicknessatthestandlevel,andnochangeinthepaludificationlevelofthestudyareabetween2011and2100.However,includingdecreasingfirecycletotheindexresultedindeclinesinpaludifiedarea.Overall,theindexpredictsaslighttomoderatedecreaseintheareacoveredbypaludifiedforestsin2100,withslowerratesofpaludification.Conclusions:Slowerpaludificationratesimplygreaterforestproductivityandagreaterpotentialforforestharvest,butalsoagraduallossofopenpaludifiedstands,whichcouldimpactthecarbonbalanceinpaludifiedlandscapes.Nonetheless,asthethickSphagnumlayertypicalofpaludifiedforestsmayprotectsoilorganiclayerfromdroughtanddeepburns,asignificantprop

简介：Background:Treelinedynamicshaveinevitableimpactsontheforesttreelinestructureandcomposition.ThepresentresearchsoughttoestimatetreelinemovementandstructuralshiftsinresponsetorecentwarminginCehennemdere,Turkey.Afterimplementinganatmosphericcorrection,thegeo-shiftingofimageswasperformedtomatchimagestogetherforaperpixeltrendanalysis.WedevelopedanewapproachbasedontheNDVI,LST(landsurfacetemperature)data,airtemperaturedata,andforeststandmapsfora43-yearperiod.Theforesttreelineborderwasmappedontheforeststandmapsfor1970,1992,2002,and2013toidentifyshiftsinthetreelinealtitudes,andthenprofilestatisticswerecalculatedforeachperiod.Twentysampleplots(10×10pixels)wereselectedtoestimatetheNDVIandLSTshiftsacrosstheforesttimberlineusingper-pixeltrendanalysisandnon-parametricSpearman’scorrelationanalysis.Inaddition,thespatialandtemporalshiftsintreelinetreespecieswerecomputedwithintheselectedplotsforfourtimeperiodsontheforeststandmapstodeterminethepioneertreespecies.Results:Astatisticallysignificantincreasingtrendinallclimatevariableswasobserved,withthehighestslopeinthemonthlyaveragemeanJulytemperature(tau=0.62,ρ<0.00).Theresultantforeststandmapsshowedageographicalexpansionofthetreelineinboththehighestaltitudes(22m–45m)andthelowestaltitudes(20m–105m)from1970to2013.TheperpixeltrendanalysisindicatedanincreasingtrendintheNDVIandLSTvalueswithintheselectedplots.Moreover,increasesintheLSTwerehighlycorrelatedwithincreasesintheNDVIbetween1984and2017(r=0.75,ρ<0.05).CedruslibaniandJuniperuscommunisapp.weretwopioneertreespeciesthatexpandedandgrewconsistentlyonopenlands,primarilyonrocksandsoil-coveredareas,from1970to2013.Conclusion:Thepresentstudyilustratedthatforesttreelinedynamicsandtreelinestructuralchangescanbedetectedusingtwodata

简介：Background:Overthelastdecadesinteresthasgrownonhowclimatechangeimpactsforestresources.However,oneofthemainconstraintsisthatmeteorologicalstationsarefiddledwithmissingclimaticdata.Thisstudycomparedfiveapproachesforestimatingmonthlyprecipitationrecords:inversedistanceweighting(IDW),amodificationofIDWthatincludeselevationdifferencesbetweentargetandneighboringstations(IDWm),correlationcoefficientweighting(CCW),multiplelinearregression(MLR)andartificialneuralnetworks(ANN).Methods:Acompleteseriesofmonthlyprecipitationrecords(199.5-2012)fromtwentymeteorologicalstationslocatedincentralChilewereused.Twotargetstationswereselectedandtheirneighboringstations,locatedwithinaradiusof25km(3stations)and50km(9stations),wereidentified.Cross-validationwasusedforevaluatingtheaccuracyoftheestimationapproaches.Theperformanceandpredictivecapabilityoftheapproacheswereevaluatedusingtheratiooftherootmeansquareerrortothestandarddeviationofmeasureddata(RSR),thepercentbias(PBIAS),andtheNash-Sutcliffeefficiency(NSE).Fortestingthemainandinteractiveeffectsoftheradiusofinfluenceandestimationapproaches,atwo-levelfactorialdesignconsideringthetargetstationastheblockingfactorwasused.Results:ANNandMLRshowedthebeststatisticsforallthestationsandradiusofinfluence.However,theseapproacheswerenotsignificantlydifferentwithIDWm.InclusionofelevationdifferencesintoIDWsignificantlyimprovedIDWmestimates.Intermsofprecision,similarestimateswereobtainedwhenapplyingANN,MLRorIDWm,andtheradiusofinfluencehadasignificantinfluenceontheirestimates,weconcludethatestimatesbasedonnineneighboringstationslocatedwithinaradiusof50kmareneededforcompletingmissingmonthlyprecipitationdatainregionswithcomplextopography.Conclusions:ItisconcludedthatapproachesbasedonANN,MLRandIDWmhadthebestperformanceintwosectorslocatedinso

简介：Globalclimatechangeposesnewopportunitiesandchallengesforforestrydevelopment,andthereforedevelopingmultiple-purposeforestryisanimportantmeasuretostrengthenforestryresponsetoclimatechange.Atpresent,plantationinChinarankstheworldfirstinarea,butwithrelativelylowproductivity.Constantlyexpandingforestareaandimprovingforestmanagementforenhancingmultiplefunctionsandpurposesofplantationsarethekeymeasurestoupgradeplantationcapacitytomitigateandadap...