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简介：Marketbasedinitiativesformanagementofdegradingecosystemsandtheirserviceshavereceivedtheaddedattentionasoneoftheinnovativeresponsesintherecentyears.Thoseinitiativessuchasdirectandindirectpaymentforecosystemserviceslikepremiumforrainforesthoney,paymentbythepeopleatthelowerreachtothoseattheupperreachforthewatershedservicesetc.havedrawntheattentionofthedecisionmakersastheyhaveprovedtobefarmorecosteffective.Thispapersynthesizesthekeymessagesfromsomeofthecelebratedbutwellestablishedmarketforecosystemservicesacrosstheworld.Theecosystemservicesconsideredinthepaperarecar-bon,watershedservicesandbiodiversity.Wefindthatwhilecrediblevaluationofecosystemservicesforallservicesremainacriticalconcernbehindsettingupthepaymentmechanism,absentofnecessaryinstitutionalframeworkmayseriouslyunderminethisinnovativeresponseformanagementofecosystems.Inthepaper,necessaryinstitution-almechanismsenablingthemarketforthoseserviceshavebeensketchedout.Keymessagesfromthosecaseshavebeensynthesized.

简介：<正>Eachyear,fromMaytoAugust,theTibetanantelopeswillgatherinherds,migrateandgivebirthtotheiroffspring.AstheoriginalplanneroftheTVseries"BlueSkyandWildLand",thereporterandtheTVcrewtogetherexploredtheZhuoerLake,thecentreofHohXilWildlifeProtectionReserveinQinghaiProvince.Withthesupportofthepersonnelworkingintheprotectionreserve,theteamstartedthetoughbutexcitingshootingexperienceofecologicalscenes.ThedirectorandscreenwriterofthisTVserieshasexpressedthatinthe

简介：Withthedevelopmentofmetropolitanregionsandtheappearanceofurbanagglomerations,citieshavebeenmorecloselyrelated.Fortherestrictedemergencyrescueresourceinasinglecity,ithasbecomemoreandmoreimminentforthedemandoftheintercitycollaborativeresistancetomajoraccident,soastoimprovetheprotectioncapacityofurbansecurity.Inordertofindaneffectiveintercityemergencyrescuecollaborativesystem,thispaperintroducestheconceptandanalysismethodofecosystemtheoryintointercityemergencyrescue.Basedontheanalysisoftheformation-processofemergencyrescueindividual,populationandcommunity,athree-levelintercityemergencyrescuecollaborativesystemisconstructedaccordingtothecharacteristicsofdynamicsandstructureofintercityemergencyrescueecosystem,thenthecollaborationmechanismofinformation,resourceandprocessintheintercityemergencyrescueecosystemisalsostudiedinthispaper,soastoofferavailablestrategyandmethodfortheecosystemtheoryappliedtointercityemergencyrescue.Throughthestudiesofintercityemergencyrescueeco-system,itilluminatesthattheproposedemergencysystemcannotonlycopewiththemajoraccidentmoretimelyandeffectively,butalsointegratetheintercityinformationresourcesandemergencyrescueresourceandprocessoptimization.

简介：TheValueoftheWorld'sEcosystemServicesandNaturalCapitalbyCostanzain1997isgenerallyre-gardedasamonumentfortheresearchofvaluingecosystemservices.However,theclassificationofecosystemser-vices,themethodofvariousservicessummationandthepurposeforstaticglobalvaluehadbeconfrontedbymanycriticisms.Basedonthesummaryofthesecriticisms,suggestions,relatedfunctionassessmentandfurtherstudydirection,thesustainabilityofecosystemservicesispresented.Thetwobasicindicatorsinecology,productivityandbiodiversity,respectivelycharacteringtheabilityofproducingandself-organizing,notonlyrepresenttheinternalfunctionofecosystem,butalsoareproportionedtoitsexternalfunctionofsupportingandprovidingforhumanlife.Onpresentingthegeneralformofecosystemservicesassessment,thispaperimprovesthemathematicalformulabygivingafunctionadjustingcoefficientcomposedofproductivityandbiodiversity.Theoretically,theintegrationofthetwoindicatorsreflectsthechangesofecosystemservicesatspatialandtemporalscales,canphysicallyassessthesustainabilityofecosystemservices,andbuildafirmscientificfundamentofvalueassessmentforecosystemservices.Objectively,itsapplicationshouldbestrictlytestedinnextstep.

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简介：Thepaper,basedontheconceptandtheelementsofhumanresourceecosystem(HREcosystem),studiesthefunctionandstructureofHREcosystem,introducestheentropytheorytodefinethecontentofentropyofHREcosystem,constructsthecorrespondingdistinctivemodeltodistinguishthedirectionoftheevolutionofHREcosystemandtheevolutionaryentropymodel,andappliesthemodelstodemonstratetheevolutionaryrulesofHREcosystem.ThestudyshowsthattheentropytheorycanbewellappliedtotheanalysisonHREcosystemandthatitopensupanewfieldintheresearchofhumanresourcemanagementandprovidesaneweffectivetechnicalmethod.

简介：EstablishedbytheformerMinistryofForestryin1986,DagangshanForestEcosystemResearchStationisoneofthe14nationalkeysitesinthefieldofecosystemresearch.Inthispaper,thebasicsituationofDagangshanForestEcosystemStationisdescribed,includinggeographiclocation,naturalconditions,biologicalresources,researchconditions,instruments,achievement,prospectsetc.

简介：Basedonacomprehensiveanalysisonvariousclassificationsofnaturalresourcevalues,thispapersummarizesanecologicalservicessystemofconstructedwetland(CW)ecosystemsfortheaccountingofecologicaleconomicvalue.Withtheresearch,thewetlandecosystemservicescanbeclassifiedintosixcategories,thatiswastetreatment,foodandmaterialproduction,watersupply,gasregulations,disturbanceandwaterregulations,habitatandrefugeprovision.Fordecisionmakingintermsofenvironmentaleconomicsforwetlandconstruction,ecosystemservicesvalueforthewetlandinSuzhouTaihuLakeNationalTouristandHolidayResortisaccountedfor7,088,769USD/yrthroughEnvironmentalEconomicsAnalysis.Ecosystemservicesvalueofwastetreatmentis825,000USD/yr,thatoffoodandmaterialproductionis1,430USD/yr,thatofwatersupplyis4,752,000USD/yr,thatofgasregulationis2,251USD/yr,thatofdisturbanceandwaterregulationsis1,3721USD/yr,andthatofhabitatandrefugeprovisionvalueis1,494,367USD/yr.TheecosystemservicesvaluesofapilotconstructedwetlandinSuzhouarecomparedwiththoseofotherwetlandsasameanandofatypicalhuman-interferedwetlandinWenzhouofChina.Resultsshowthatinbothfiniteandinfinitetimehorizonsconsidered,thewetlandinSuzhouTaihuLakeNationalTouristandHolidayResorthasthelargestservicesvalue.ThispaperanalyzesalltheprobabilitythatmayweakenthevalueoftheSuzhouTaihuWetlandinordertoprovidesomeadvicesforthewetlandprotection.

简介：ChineseForestEcosystemResearchNetwork,estabfishedinlate1950'sanddirectlyconstructedandadministeredbytheScienceandTechnologyDepartmentofStateForestryAdministrationofChina,isalargeecologyresearchnetworkfocusesonlong-termecosystemfixed-observation.Itembodies15sitesthatrepresentdiverseecosystemsandresearchpriorities,including6state-levelsites.CFERNOfficecoordinatescommunications,networkpublications,andresearch-planningactivities.CFERNusestheadvancedgroundandspatialobservationtechnologiessuchasRS,GPS,GIStostudythestructure,functionallawsandfeedbackmechanismofChineseforestecosystem,aswellasitseffectsonChina'ssocialandeconomicdevelopment.ThemaintaskscarriedoutbyCFERNare:(1)constructionofthedatabaseonthestructureandfunctionsofChineseforestecosystemanditsecologicalenvironmentalfactors;(2)thedatabaseconstructionofforestresources,ecologicalenvironment,waterresourcesandrelatedsocialeconomyinbothregionalandnationalscales;(3)theestablishmentofanevaluationsystemofforestecologicaleffectsinChina'smaindrainageareas;(4)theestabfishmentofaforestenvironmentmonitoringnetworkandadynamicpredictionandalarmsystem.

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简介：Background:Forestecosystemsareincreasinglyseenasmulti-functionalproductionsystems,whichshouldprovide,besidestimberandeconomicbenefits,alsootherecosystemservicesrelatedtobiologicaldiversity,recreationalusesandenvironmentalfunctionsofforests.Thisstudyanalyzedtheperformanceofeven-agedrotationforestmanagement(RFM)continuouscoverforestry(CCF)andany-agedforestry(AAF)intheproductionofecosystemservices.AAFalowsbotheven-agedanduneven-agedmanagementschedules.Theecosystemservicesincludedintheanalyseswerenetpresentvalue,volumeofharvestedtimber,cowberryandbilberryyields,scenicvalueoftheforest,carbonbalanceandsuitabilityoftheforesttoSiberianjay.Methods:Dataenvelopmentanalysiswasusedtoderivenumericalefficiencyratiosforthethreemanagementsystems.Efficiencyratioisthesumofweightedoutputs(ecosystemservices)dividedbythesumofweightedinputs.ThelinearprogramingmodelproposedbyCharnes,CooperandRhodeswasusedtoderivetheweightsforcalculatingefficiencyscoresforthesilviculturalsystems.Resultsandconclusions:CCFprovidedmoreecosystemservicesthanRFM,andCCFwasmoreefficientthanRFMandAAFintheproductionofecosystemservices.Multi-objectivemanagementprovidedmoreecosystemservices(exceptharvestedtimber)thansingle-objectivemanagementthatmaximizedeconomicprofitability.Theuseoflowdiscountrate(resultinginlowcuttinglevelandhighgrowingstockvolume)ledtobettersupplyofmostecosystemsservicesthantheuseofhighdiscountrate.RFMwhereNPVwasmaximizedwithhighdiscountrateledtoparticularlypoorprovisionofmostecosystemservices.InCCFtheprovisionofecosystemserviceswaslesssensitivetochangesindiscountrateandmanagementobjectivethaninRFM.

简介：Accordingtodifferencesinvegetationtypesandtheircoverage,combiningthelatestresearch,usingtheoryandmethodonthevalueofvegetationecosystemservices,thispapernotonlycalculatedgoodsproducedbydifferenttypesofvegetationbutalsoestimatedthevalueofvariousvegetationecosystemservicesandsetupdatabase,GISandeco-accountofvegetationecosystem.Theresultwasasfollows:thevalueofvegetation''sprimaryproductivity,soilandfertilityconservation,waterconservation.CO2fixationandO2releasewas199.6billionyuan/a22.64billionyuan/a22.6billionyuan/a,352.24billionyuan/aand374.19billionyuan/a,respectively.Thetotalvalueofecosystemserviceswas968.33billionyuan/a.Thetemperatedeciduousbroad-leavedforesthadthehighestcontributionrate,accountingfor16.42%,Theresultofvaluecanreflectregionalrealitymoreexactly.

简介：Fourenvironmemtalservicefunctionsofwheat,barleyandrapeecosystemareevaluatedinmaterialproduction,airadjustment(includingcarbondioxidefixationandoxygenreleaseinTibetanAutonomousRegion),waterconservation,andnutrientrecycling.Basedonittheeconomiclossofenvironmentduetodesertificationisvalued.TheresultsshowthattheservicefunctionsoffarmlandecosysteminTibetaretotallyvaluedat4436.2×106yuan,thevalueofeachservicefunctionisorderedas:airadjust...

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简介：Multispecies生态的模型被用于预言捞活动并且评估管理策略的表演的效果。尺寸光谱模型是组织physiologically的生态的模型的一种类型提供一条可行途径给以单个饮食的变化和个体发生的壁龛移动描述鱼社区。尽管有在改进我们生态系统的理解的生态的模型的潜力，他们的申请通常为数据穷人渔业被限制。作为在实现基于生态系统的渔业管理(EBFM)的第一步，这研究在Haizhou海湾为鱼社区造了一个尺寸光谱模型，中国。我们描述数据收集过程和模型parameterization为数据穷人生态系统的未来研究便于如此的尺寸光谱模型的实现。在生态系统上钓鱼的效果与捞努力的一个范围被例示并且与一套生态的指示物被监视。全部的社区生物资源，生物多样性索引，W统计数值，LFI(大鱼索引)，MeanW(吝啬的身体重量)和斜坡(社区尺寸系列的斜坡)响应捞压力显示出一个强壮的非线性的模式，并且最大的钓鱼的努力没在某些情形产生最激烈的回答。我们强调开发尺寸光谱模型捕获生态的动力学并且为模型改进象潜力一样建议限制的价值和可行性。这研究试图在EBFM的支持支持这类模型的宽使用。

简介：Forestmanagementinseveralborealcountriesisstronglyfocusedonconifersbecausetheyaremoreproductive,thetechnicalqualityoftheirstemsisbetter,andtheirwoodfibersarelongerascomparedtobroadleaves.Favoringconifersinforestmanagementleadstosimpleforeststructureswithlowresilienceanddiversity.Suchforestsareriskyinthefaceofclimatechangeandfluctuatingtimberprices.ClimatechangeincreasesthevitalityofmanyforestpestsandpathogenssuchasHeterobasidionspp.andIpstypographusL.whichattackmainlyspruce.Winddamagesarealsoincreasingbecauseofashorterperiodoffrozensoiltoprovideafirmanchorageagainststorms.Wind-throwntreesserveasstartingpointsforbarkbeetleoutbreaks.Increasingtheproportionofbroadleavedspeciesmightalleviatesomeoftheseproblems.Thisstudypredictsthelong-term(150years)consequencesofcurrentconifer-orientedforestmanagementintwoforestareas,andcomparedthismanagementwithsilviculturalstrategiesthatpromotemixedforestsandbroadleavedspecies.Theresultsshowthat,intheabsenceofdamages,conifer-orientedforestrywouldleadto5-10%highertimberyieldsandcarbonsequestration.Thesomewhatlowercarbonsequestrationofbroadleavedforestswascounteractedbytheirhigheralbedo(reflectance).Mixedandbroadleafforestswerebetterprovidersofrecreationalamenities.Speciesdiversitywasmuchhigherinmixedstandandbroadleaf-orientedsilvicultureatstandandforestlevels.Theanalysisindicatesthatconifer-orientedforestmanagementproducesrathersmallanduncertaineconomicbenefitsatahighcostinresilienceanddiversity.