简介：目的：探讨流式细胞术检测微小残留病（MRD）对判断儿童B淋巴细胞白血病（B-ALL）的预后价值。方法：回顾性分析2011年7月至2014年6月在我院初诊的196例B-ALL患儿,通过流式细胞术监测以上患儿诱导化疗第15天、第33天、第12周的骨髓MRD。结果：MRD阳性组中中危和高危分型的比例明显高于标危组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;分析各时间点MRD,显示MRD水平越高,患儿的复发率越高,3年EFS越低。其中第15天MRD≥10-2组、第33天MRD≥10-4、第12周MRD≥10-3组的患儿预后不佳;经多因素分析显示,第12周MRD≥10-3为独立的预后不良因素。结论：流式细胞术检测MRD对儿童B-ALL具有重要的临床预后判断意义;需动态监测MRD,第15天MRD≥10-2、第33天MRD≥10-4、第12周MRD≥10-3的患儿预后不佳,需调整危险分层及化疗强度;第12周MRD≥10-3为独立的预后不良因素。

简介：Objective:Chroniclymphocyticleukemia(CLL)andmantlecelllymphoma(MCL)cellsover-expressaguanineexchangefactor(GEF),Rasgrf-1.ThisGEFincreasesactiveRasasitcatalyzestheremovalofGDPfromRassothatGTPcanbindandactivateRas.ThisstudyaimstostudythemechanismofactionofRasgrf-1inB-cellmalignancies.Methods:N-terminustruncatedRasgrf-1variantshaveahigherGEFactivityascomparedtothefull-lengthtranscriptthereforeaMCLcelllinewithstableover-expressionoftruncatedRasgrf-1wasestablished.TheB-cellreceptor(BCR)andchemokinesignalingpathwayswerecomparedintheRasgrf-1over-expressingandacontroltransfectedcellline.Results:Cellsover-expressingtruncatedformofRasgrf-1haveahigherproliferativerateascomparedtocontroltransfectedcells.BCRwasactivatedbylowerconcentrationsofanti-IgMantibodyinRasgrf-1over-expressingcellsascomparedtocontrolcellsindicatingthatthesecellsaremoresensitivetoBCRsignaling.BCRsignalingalsophosphorylatesRasgrf-1thatfurtherincreasesitsGEFfunctionandamplifiesBCRsignaling.ThisactivationofRasgrf-1inover-expressingcellsresultedinahigherexpressionofphospho-ERK,AKT,BTKandPKC-alphaascomparedtocontrolcells.BesidesBCR,Rasgrf-1over-expressingcellswerealsomoresensitivetomicroenvironmentstimuliasdeterminedbyresistancetoapoptosis,chemotaxisandERKpathwayactivation.Conclusions:ThisGEFproteinsensitizesB-cellstoBCRandchemokinemediatedsignalingandalsoupregulatesanumberofothersignalingpathwayswhichpromotesgrowthandsurvivalofthesecells.

简介：ThechronicinfectionofhepatitisBvirus(HBV)iscloselyrelatedtotheoccurrenceanddevelopmentofhepatocellularcarcinoma(HCC).AccumulatedevidencehasshownthatHBVXprotein(HBxprotein)isamultifunctionalregulatorwithacrucialroleinhepatocarcinogenesis.However,informationonthemechanismbywhichHBVinducesHCCislacking.ThisreviewfocusesonthepathologicalfunctionsofHBxinHBV-inducedhepatocarcinogenesis.Asatransactivator,HBxcanmodulatenuclearfactorkappa-light-chain-enhancerofactivatedBcells(NF-κB)andtranscriptionfactorAP-2.Moreover,HBxcanaffectregulatorynon-codingRNAs(ncRNAs)includingmicroRNAsandlongncRNAs(lncRNAs),suchasmiRNA-205andhighlyupregulatedinlivercancer(HULC),respectively.HBxisalsoinvolvedinepigeneticmodification,includingmethylationandacetylation.HBxinteractswithvarioussignal-transductionpathways,suchasproteinkinaseB/Akt,Wnt/β-catenin,signaltransducerandactivatoroftranscription,andNF-κBpathways.Moreover,HBxaffectscellularfatebyshiftingthebalancetowardcellsurvival.HBxmayleadtothelossofapoptoticfunctionsordirectlycontributestooncogenesisbyachievingtransformingfunctions,whichinducehepatocarcinogenesis.Additionally,HBxcanmodulateapoptosisandimmuneresponsebydirectorindirectinteractionwithhostfactors.WeconcludethatHBxhastensthedevelopmentofhepatoma.

简介：

简介：根据世界癌症研究基金会（WCRF）资助的一项最新研究显示，人体血液中维生素B含量较高将有可能降低发生肺癌的风险，这个结果对吸烟、非吸烟以及曾经吸烟的人群是相同的。这项发现将有助于科学家了解肺癌发病的机理，并将对预防其发生提供线索。

简介：

简介：DuckhepatitisBvims(DHBV)DNAwasdetectedindifferenttumorousnodulesofduckswithhepaticmulticentriccancerorintrahepaticmetastasisbySouthernblottechnique.Among7duckswithhepatocellularcarcinomaofmultipletumornodules,thehybridizationpatternofIntegratedDHBVDNAIndifferenttumorousnoduleswasidenticalin3casesanddifferentin2cases.OnecaseshowedasimilarhybridizationpatternintwotumorousnodulesandotheronewasnegativetorDHBVDNA.IntegratedDHBVDNAwasalsoidentifiedinametastaticlungcancerofduckswithhepatocellularcarcinoma.Thehybridizationpatternofmetastasisoflungswasasthesomeasthatinprimaryhepatocellularcarcinoma.ThesamediscretehybridizationbandsInthedifferenttumorousnodulesindicatethatthesenodulesmightarisefromonetransformedcell.ThedifferenthybridizationpatternsInvarioustumorousnodulesshowthatthesetumorousnodulesmightarisefromvarioustransformedcells.Theresultssuggestthatthehyb

简介：自上世纪八十年代中期日本学者Sugiura（杉浦）首次报告超声引导下行肝癌化学消融术有效后，该方法迅速在世界范围内开展起来。经大量的临床实践证实，化学消融术确是一种简便易行、疗效较好的治疗肝癌的方法。但是该方法也存在一定缺陷，在具体操作时，由于病灶注药后的超声显像多表现为强回声，对于药物弥散的程度和对个体应该给予的剂量均难以判定，影响治疗效果。近年来，人们开始利用CT、MRI等断层影像设备进行化学消融治疗。CT的优势在于断层图像清晰，可提供完整的给药后肿瘤局部及周围的影像，医生可根据图像的提示，决定消融针的操作方向、药量的多少等，这对于提高疗效起关键作用。我科自2004年4月引进该项技术，在改进了定位与穿刺方法后，在2年多的时间里，完成该项手术50例次，取得了较好的成果，现报告如下：

简介：乳腺恶性肿瘤是一种常见的女性肿瘤，成年女性中患病率最高。该病的发病原因尚不明确，但其早期诊断对于治疗和预后至关重要。乳腺肿瘤的诊断通常需要发现可疑肿块后进行穿刺活检，以确定是否是恶性肿瘤。在这个过程中，超声引导穿刺活检就比较重要。那么，下面会详细介绍超声引导穿刺活检的原理、操作步骤、相关应用等内容，以便读者更好地了解该技术，并学习其临床应用。

简介：Objective:ToassesstheeffectofantiviraltherapyforhepatitisBvirus(HBV)-relatedhepatocellularcarcinoma(HCC)afterradicalhepatectomy.Methods:Atotalof478HBV-relatedHCCpatientstreatedbyradicalhepatectomywereretrospectivelycollected.Patientsinthetreatmentgroup(n=141)receivedpostoperativelamivudinetreatment(100mg/d),whereaspatientsinthecontrolgroup(n=337)didnot.Recurrence-freesurvival(RFS)rates,overallsurvival(OS)rates,treatmentsforrecurrentHCCandcauseofdeathwerecomparedbetweenthetwogroups.Propensityscorematching(PSM)analysiswasalsoconductedtoreduceconfoundingbiasbetweenthetwogroups.Results:The1-,3-,and5-yearRFSratesdidn’tsignificantlydifferbetweenthetwogroups(P=0.778);however,the1-,3-,and5-yearOSratesinthetreatmentgroupweresignificantlyhigherthanthoseinthecontrolgroup(P=0.002).Similarresultswereobservedinthematcheddata.SubgroupanalysisshowedthatantiviraltreatmentconferredasignificantsurvivalbenefitforBarcelonaClinicalLiverCancerstageA/Bpatients.FollowingHCCrecurrence,morepeopleinthetreatmentgroupwereabletochoosecurativetreatmentsthanthoseinthecontrolgroup(P=0.031).Forcauseofdeath,fewerpeopleinthetreatmentgroupdiedofliverfailurethanthoseinthecontrolgroup(P=0.041).Conclusion:PostoperativeantiviraltherapyincreaseschancesofreceivingcurativetreatmentsforrecurrentHCCandpreventsdeathbecauseofliverfailure,therebysignificantlyprolongingOS,especiallyinearly-orintermedian-stagetumors.

简介：许多人类疾病的发生和发展可归因于一些基因的异常表达，从而导致疾病的发生。其中一部分基因是在核因子kappaB（nuclearfactor-kappaB，NF—κB）调控下进行的。NF—κ是广泛存在于哺乳动物中的转录因子，是由Sen等于1986年首先在B细胞中发现的一种核蛋白。因它能与B细胞免疫球蛋白上的K轻链基因增强子κB序列（GGGACTITCC）特异结合而得名。实际上它能与多种细胞基因的启动子和增强子序列位点发生特异性结合，并促进转录和表达，参与众多与免疫和炎症反应有关的基因转录的调控。它的异常激活或完全抑制与多种疾病的发生有关。在控制细胞增殖、凋亡、肿瘤的发生、发展和耐药问题上均起着重要的作用。因此深入探讨NF—κB在体内病理状态下的活化机制以及其与细胞、基因之间的调节作用具有重要的意义。现就NF—κB的组成、结构、激活途径以及与肿瘤的关系作一综述。

简介：Objective:Cancercellradioresistanceisastumblingblockinradiationtherapy.TheactivityinthenuclearfactorkappaB(NFκB)pathwaycorrelateswithanti-apoptoticmechanismsandincreasedradioresistance.TheIKKcomplexplaysamajorroleinNFκBactivationuponnumeroussignals.Inthisstudy,weexaminedtheinteractionbetweenionizingradiation(IR)anddifferentmembersoftheIKK-NFκBpathway,aswellasupstreamactivators,RAF1,ERK,andAKT1.Methods:Theeffectof4GyofIRontheexpressionoftheRAF1-ERK-IKK-NFκBpathwaywasexaminedinA549andH1299lungcancercelllinesusingWesternblotanalysisandconfocalmicroscopy.WeexaminedchangesinradiationsensitivityusinggenesilencingorpharmacologicalinhibitorsofERKandIKKβ.Results:IKKα,IKKγ,andIκBαincreaseduponexposuretoIR,therebyaffectingnuclearlevelsofNFκB(phospho-p65).ERKinhibitionorsiRNA-mediateddown-regulationofRAF1suppressedthepost-irradiationsurvivaloftheexaminedlungcancercelllines.AsimilareffectwasdetectedonsurvivaluponsilencingIKKα/IKKγorinhibitingIKKβ.Conclusions:ExposureoflungcancercellstoIRresultsinNFκBactivationviaIKK.ThegeneticorpharmacologicalblockageoftheRAF1-ERK-IKK-NFκBpathwaysensitizescellstotherapeuticdosesofradiation.Therefore,theIKKpathwayisapromisingtargetfortherapeuticinterventionincombinationwithradiotherapy.

简介：目的评价高频彩超检查对腮腺肿块的诊断及鉴别诊断的价值。方法应用高频彩超对58例腮腺肿块的患者进行检查，并结合病理检查结果分析、总结腮腺肿块的超声图像特征。结果高频彩超检查对腮腺肿块的总检出率为100％，对腮腺良、恶性肿块的诊断符合率分别为87．2％、68．4％，其中腮腺囊肿诊断符合率为100％。二维超声检查中腮腺良、恶性肿块在形态、边界、边缘和内部回声方面的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。彩色多普勒血流显像对腮腺良、恶性肿块血流信号的检出率分别为82．1％、94．7％。以收缩期峰值流速≥23．8cm／s作为诊断腮腺恶性肿块阈值的标准，脉冲多普勒诊断的敏感度和特异度分别为73．7％和71．8％；以阻力指数≥0．68（除混合瘤外）作为诊断腮腺恶性肿块阈值的标准，其诊断敏感度和特异度分别为73．3％和85．0％。结论高频彩超检查对腮腺肿块的检出率及诊断符合率均较高，对腮腺肿块的定性诊断有重要的临床应用价值。

简介：Objective:TodeterminewhetherInterferon-alpha-2b(IFN-α2b)canmodulatetheautophagicresponseinhepatocellularcarcinomacells.Methods:HepatocellularcarcinomacellsweretreatedwithIFN-α2b.Autophagywasassessedbyacridineorangestaining,GFP-LC3dottedassay,transmissionelectronmicroscopyandimmunoblotting.Results:AcridineorangestainingshowedthatIFN-α2btriggeredtheaccumulationofacidicvesicularandautolysosomesinHepG2cells.TheacridineorangeHepG2cellratioswere(4.3±1.0)%,(6.9±1.4)%,and(13.1±2.3)%,respectively,aftertreatmentwith100,1,000,and10,000IU/mLIFN-α2bfor48h.AmarkedlypunctatepatternwasobservedinHepG2cellstreatedwith10,000IU/mLIFN-α2bfor48h,butonlydiffuseandweaklyfluorescentGFP-LC3punctawasobservedincontrolcells.HepG2cellstreatedwith10,000IU/mLIFN-α2bfor48hdevelopedautophagosome-likecharacteristics,includingsingle-ordouble-membranevacuolescontainingintactanddegradedcellulardebris.TheBeclin1andLC3-IIproteinexpressionwasup-regulatedbyIFN-α2btreatment.Conclusion:Autophagycanbeinducedinadose-dependentmannerbytreatmentwithIFN-α2binHepG2cells,andtheBeclin1signalingpathwaywasstimulatedbyIFN-α2b.

简介：Objective:Toinvestigatephospho-(-cateninexpressioninnon-smallcelllungcancer(NSCLC)andtostudytherelationshipbetweenphospho-(-cateninexpressionandsomeclinicalpathologicalfactors.Methods:Theexpressionofphospho-(-cateninin67primaryNSCLCcasesdetectedimmunohistochemically.Results:phospho-(-cateninwasnotexpressedinnormalbronchialmucouscellandshowedcytoplasmicandnuclearexpressioninNSCLCcell.Totalpositiveexpressionratereached62.7%,andpositiveexpressionrateofnucleuswas38.8%.Thepositiveexpressionrate(87.5%)andnuclearexpressionrateofadenocarcinoma(62.5%)wereapparentlyhigherthanthoseofsquamouscellcancer(40.0%and17.1%)(P<0.01).Expressionofphospho-(-cateninhadnorelationshiptodifferentiationdegreeandlymphaticmetastasis.Thepostoperativesurvivaltimeisnotrelatedtophospho-(-cateninexpression.(Log-ranktest,P=0.9198;P=0.6274).COXmodelanalysisshowedthattumorstageanddifferentiationareindependentriskfactorstoprognosis(P=0.001;P=0.020).Conclusion:NSCLCcellsshowpositiveexpressionofphospho-(-catenin,phospho-(-cateninnuclearexpressionisrelevanttohistologicaltypes.Thereisnodifferenceinpostoperativesurvivaltimebetweenpatientswithphospho-(-cateninpositiveexpressionandpatientswithnegativeexpression,expressionofphospho-(-cateninisnotindependentriskfactortoprognosis.

简介：Objective:Toassesstheclinicalfeatures,survivalandprognosticfactorsofprimarytesticulardiffuselargeB-celllymphoma(DLBCL).Methods:Aretrospectivestudyof37patientswithprimarytesticularDLBCLwascarriedoutfromNovember2003toMay2012.Theirclinicalfeatures,survivalandprognosticfactorswereanalyzed.Results:Duringamedianfollow-upperiodof39.8months(5.4-93.0months),themedianprogression-freesurvival(PFS)was26.2months(95%CI:0-65months)andthe3-yearoverallsurvival(OS)ratewas78.4%.Withinthewholecohort,thefactorssignificantlyassociatedwithasuperiorPFSwerelimitedstage(stageI/II),lactatedehydrogenase(LDH)≤245U/L,internationalprognosticindex(IPI)≤1,primarytumordiameter<7.5cm,andpatientswhohadcompleteresponse(CR)andreceiveddoxorubicin-containedchemotherapy(P<0.05).Therewasatrendtowardsuperioroutcomeforpatientswhoreceivedcombinedtherapy(surgery/chemotherapy/radiotherapy)(P=0.055).PatientswhohadCR,primarytumordiameter<7.5cmandIPIscore≤1weresignificantlyassociatedwithlongerPFSatmultivariateanalysis.Conclusions:PrimarytesticularDLBCLhadpoorersurvival.CR,primarytumordiameterandIPIwereindependentprognosticfactors.Thecombinedtherapyoforchectomy,doxorubicin-containedchemotherapyandcontralateraltesticularradiotherapy(RT)seemedtoimprovesurvival.

简介：目的:评价前程加速超分割治疗食管癌放疗疗效及放射反应.方法:对96例食管癌随机分为前程加速超分割组(前超组)和常规组,每组48例,全部经病理证实.男性63例,女性33例;年龄41岁～70岁,中位年龄57岁;病变部位胸上段21例,胸中段63例,胸下段12例.病变长度:＜5cm29例,5.0cm～7.0cm57例,＞10cm10例.全部采用6MVX线外照射,常规组1次/天,2.0Gy/次,5次/周,总剂量64Gy～68Gy,44～45天完成.前超组2次/天,1.5Gy/次,间隔6小时以上,总剂量64～68Gy,35～37天完成.结果:随访率96.9%.1、3、5年生存率前超组为81.15%、44.1%和26.8%,常规组为61.7%、25.1%和16.9%.前超组1、3年生存率高于常规组(u值为2.97及2.64,P＜0.01),5年生存率无显著意义(u＝1.71,P＞0.05).前超组和常规组放射性食管炎发生率分别为27.16和16.7%(χ2＝1.52,P＝0.20);放射性气管炎发生率前超组为18.8%,常规组为12.5%(χ2＝0.71,P＝0.40).结论:食管癌前程加速超分割治疗的1年和3年生存率高于常规组,5年生存率无明显差异,患者对前超组放疗副作用与常规组相比无明显增加.

简介：胃癌是常见的消化道恶性疾病，相对于治疗，随访工作显得欠重视。且缺乏规范。重视胃癌治疗后的监测和随访目的在于定期全面复查以备及早发现复发、转移以及属于治疗的并发症等情况并予以相应措施，以期提高生活质量，延长治疗后生存期。我们回顾了新华医院等医院近30a的临床经验，拟探讨总结出一套胃癌术后监测随访的方案，供临床工作者参考。

简介：

简介：目的：探讨在磁共振扩散加权成像（DWI）辅助CT引导下肺癌病灶细针穿刺活检术前、术中和术后的过程中护理的价值。方法30例影像学诊断为肺癌的住院患者，先行胸部MR平扫检查，包括DWI序列，再根据DWI图及表观扩散系数（ADC）图预定穿刺针活检靶部位，然后行CT引导下肺部病变靶区细针穿刺活检术，对于所有病例在术前、术中和术后均给予护理，积极配合穿刺。结果所有患者选择穿刺靶点时，均避开病变坏死区及肺不张或阻塞性炎症区域，而选取肿瘤实性区域进行穿刺活检，穿刺病理均确诊为肺癌，穿刺成功率及阳性率为100％。术后未出现明显并发症。结论在CT引导下肺癌穿刺活检中，护理干预能够保证患者配合检查及手术，缩短穿刺时间，有效避免和减少并发症。