简介：尽管有在中国喷雾器上增加注意，从来没有它的一般特征的遍及全国的调查。这份报纸在23个地点为喷雾器论述元素的数据在并且在中国附近，主要从文学，和表演绘画一些大规模模式。艾尔，Na，和Se被用来代表外壳，水兵，和污染部件分别地。大多数模式在SWNE被排列。分别地，艾尔和Na对NW和SE最高级，他们的比率变化很快接近海岸。Se从NW日益增多地在华中，和Se/Al比率(污染对外壳的喷雾器的指示物)增加上有宽广最大值到SE。为模仿污染喷雾器的一个简单索引，使用人口密度，年度降水，和吝啬的风速度，足够地复制污染喷雾器的大规模模式并且显示出在NW的外壳的艾尔怎么逐渐地向SE让路给flyash艾尔。

简介：Thispaperdescribestheuseofoverlappinggridsforthecalculationofflowaroundsingleandmultiple-particleconfigurationsatthemicroscale.ThebasicequationsforcalculationarethoseforconservationofmassandmomentumwhicharesolvedusingacommonFinite-Volumeformulation.Thehydrodynamicparticle-particleandparticle-wallinteractioncanbecalculatedbyusinganoverlappingorChimeragridscheme.Withthegridstructuringprocedureitispossibletousesimpleandstructuredgridsaroundtheparticlesandtheoverallmaingridgeometry.Theparticlegridsarelappedoverthemaingridsuchthattheycanmoveindependentlyaftereachtimestepwithoutremeshingthewholegeometry.Thepapergivesresultsforthevalidationofthecodedevelopedforgeneraltestcases,forarotatingellipsoidinsimpleshearflow,theflowaroundparticlesattachedtoawall,themotionofaparticleinthevicinityofawallandsomeresultsfortheflowthroughapackedbedconfiguration.

简介：Thehumancardiovascularsystemisaclosedloopandcomplexvascularnetworkwithmulti-scaledheterogeneoushemodynamicphenomena.Here,wegiveaselectivereviewofrecentprogressinmacro-hemodynamicmodeling,withafocusongeometricalmulti-scalemodelingofthevascularnetwork,micro-hemodynamicmodelingofmicrocirculation,aswellasbloodcellular,subcellular,endothelialbiomechanics,andtheirinteractionwitharterialvesselmechanics.Wedescribeindetailthemethodologyofhemodynamicmodelinganditspotentialapplicationsincardiovascularresearchandclinicalpractice.Inaddition,wepresentmajortopicsforfuturestudy:recentprogressofpatient-specifihemodynamicmodelinginclinicalapplications,micro-hemodynamicmodelingincapillariesandbloodcells,andtheimportanceandpotentialofthemulti-scalehemodynamicmodeling.

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简介：GyroscopicdynamicsystemcanbeintroducedtoHamiltoniansystem.BasedonanadjointsymplecticsubspaceiterationmethodofHamiltoniangyroscopicsystem,anadjointsymplecticsubspaceiterationmethodofindefiniteHamiltonianfunctiongy-roscopicsystemwasproposedtosolvetheeigenvalueproblemofindefiniteHamiltonianfunctiongyroscopicsystem.ThecharacterthattheeigenvaluesofHamiltoniangyroscopicsystemareonlypureimaginaryorzerowasused.TheeigenvaluesthatHamiltonianfunctionisnegativecanbeseparatedsothattheeigenvalueproblemofpositivedefiniteHamiltonianfunctionsystemwaspresented,andanadjointsymplecticsubspaceiterationmethodofpositivedefiniteHamiltonianfunctionsystemwasusedtosolvetheseparatedeigenvalueproblem.Therefore,theeigenvalueproblemofindefiniteHamiltonianfunctiongyroscopicsystemwassolved,andtwonumericalexamplesweregiventodemonstratethattheeigensolutionsconvergeexactly.

简介：Multi-scalestructuresinvolvedinemulsionandmicrospherecomplexsystemsarepresentedanddiscussed.Thestabilityandspatio-temporalstructuresofemulsions,aswellasnano-structuresformedonthesurfaceofmicrospheresafterpolymerization,areaffectedbythemolecularemulsifier/stabilizerstructuresandtheadsorbedemulsifier/stabilizernano-structuresontheoil/waterinterface.Thebroadsizedistributionandvariationofsurfacefeaturesofdropletsareresponsibleforvariationsoftheadsorbedemulsifier/stabilizerstructuresandthestabilityoftheemulsions.Ontheotherhand,preparationofauniformlysizedemulsionandemploymentofacombinedemulsifier/stabilizersystemcanpreservethestabilityoftheemulsionsandmicrospheres.Theabovephenomenashouldbemodeledbyamultiscalemethod,inordertomaintainthestabilityofindividualemulsionsystemsandrealizethedesirednano-structuresofmicrospheresbychoosingadequateemulsifier/stabilizerandexperimentalparameters.

简介：Longwavesgeneratedbyamovingatmosphericpressuredistribution,associatedwithastorm,incoastalregionareinvestigatednumerically.Forsimplicitythemovingatmosphericpressureisassumedtobemovingonlyinthealongshoredirectionandthebeachslopeisassumedtobeaconstantintheon-offshoredirection.Bysolvingthelinearshallowwaterequationsweobtainnumericalsolutionsforawiderangeofphysicalparameters,includingstormsize(2a),stormspeed(U),andbeachslope(α).Basedonthenumericalresults,itisdeterminedthatedgewavepacketsaregeneratedifthestormspeedisequaltoorgreaterthanthecriticalvelocity,Ucr,whichisdefinedasthephasespeedofthefundamentaledgewavemodewhosewavelengthisscaledbythewidthofthestormsize.ThelengthandthelocationofthepositivelymovingedgewavepacketisroughlyUt/2≤y≤Ut,whereyisinthealongshoredirectionandtisthetime.Oncetheedgewavepacketisgenerated,thewavelengthisthesameasthatofthefundamentaledgewavemodecorrespondingtothestormspeedandisindependentofthestormsize,whichcan,however,affectthewaveamplitude.Whenthestormspeedislessthanthecriticalvelocity,theprimarysurfacesignatureisadepressiondirectlycorrelatedtotheatmosphericpressuredistribution.

简介：Fabricationofmicrogratingsusingafemtosecondlaserexposuresystemisexperimentallyinvestigatedfortheelectronmoirémethod.Microholesandlinesarefirstlyetchedforparameterstudy.Gratingprofileistheoreticallyoptimizedtoformhighqualitymoirépatterns.Forademonstration,aparallelgratingisfabricatedonaspecimenofquartzglass.Theminimumlinewidthandthedistancebetweentwoadjacentlinesarebothsettobe1μm,andthefrequencyofgratingis500lines/mm.Theexperimentalresultsindicatethatthequalityofgratingsisgoodandtherelativeerrorofthegratingspitchisabout1.5%.Basedonmoirémethod,scanningelectronmicroscope(SEM)moirépatternsareobservedclearly,whichmanifeststhatgratingsfabricatedwiththefemtosecondlaserexposureissuitableformicroscaledeformationmeasurement.

简介：Inordertoinvestigatethescaleefectofturbulentflowaroundacircularcylinder,twosimilaritynumbers(criteria)basedonturbulentkineticanddissipationratesassociatedwiththefluctuationcharacteristicsofturbulencewakearededucedbyanalyzingtheReynoldsaveragedNavier–Stokesequations(RANS).TheRNGk–εmodelsandfinitevolumemethodareusedtosolvethegoverningequationsandthesecond-orderimplicittimeandupwindspacediscretizationalgorithmsareusedtodiscretethegoverningequations.Anumericalcomputationofflowparametersaroundatwo-dimensionalcircularcylinderwithReynoldsnumbersrangingfrom102to107isaccomplishedandtheresultindicatesthatthefluctuationofturbulenceflowalongthecenterlineinthewakeofcircularcylindercanneverbechangedwithincreasingReynoldsnumberswhenRe3×106.Thisconclusionisusefulforcontrollingthescaleofnumericalcalculationsandforapplyingmodeltestdatatoengineeringpractice.

简介：BackgroundInresponsetotheevolutionofscienceandtechnologyfromcompartmentalizationtoreunification,thestudyofcomplexsystemsandmulti-scalemethodologyhasreceivedincreasingattentionfromvariousscientificdisciplinesandengineeringfields,somuchsothatcomplexityhassometimesbeencalledthescienceofthe21stcenturywithmulti-scalemethodologyasanaccompanyingchallenge.

简介：Smallconcentrationsofahigh-molecular-weightpolymerhavebeenusedtocreateso-called'elasticturbulence'inamicro-scaleserpentinechannelgeometry.Itisknownthattheinteractionoflargeelasticstressescreatedbytheshearingmotionwithinthefluidflowwithstreamlinecurvatureoftheserpentinegeometryleadsinitiallytoapurely-elasticinstabilityandthenthegenerationofelasticturbulence.Weshowthatthiselasticturbulenceenhancestheheattransferatthemicro-scaleinthisgeometrybyupto300%undercreepingflowconditionsincomparisontothatachievedbytheequivalentNewtonianfluidflow.

简介：Thedynamiccharacteristicsofthelargescalecoherentstructuresinaforcedfreeshearlayerareexperi-mentallystudiedbymeansofflowvisualization.ThequantitativemeasurementsareacquiredbytheuseofaLDV.Itisshownthatthedevelopmentofthecoherentstructurescanbegreatlyinfluencedbyupstreamartificialperturbationsandasaresultthemixinginthelayercanbecontrolled.Likevortexmerging,vortexsplittingisalsoacommonevolu-tionpatterninthedevelopmentofthecoherentstructures.

简介：磁性的聚合物粒子在象生物医学的治疗，诊断和分离技术那样的多样的区域发现了应用。这些应用要求粒子控制了尺寸和狭窄的尺寸分布在使用获得更好的控制和重制度。这份报纸在nano规模在磁性的聚合物粒子的准备考察最近的开发并且由包含磁性的部件与微规模溶解或在situ形成了聚合物。用乳化和埋入方法的粒子制造在微规模的尺寸生产磁性的聚合物粒子。然而，在用常规乳化方法的这个范围的粒子的生产在粒子尺寸和多分散性上负担得起很有限的控制。我们在使用膜和microfluidics乳化技术的其他的线路上报导，它有一个能力生产monodisperse乳剂和聚合物microspheres(与不到10%的变化的系数)在到一些100m的从submicrometer的范围。这些生产方法的表演考虑到未来应用被估计。

简介：Utilizationofwindenergyisapromisingwaytogeneratepower,andwindturbinebladesplayakeyroleincollectingthewindenergyeffectively.Thispaperattemptstomeasurethedeformationparameterofwindturbinebladesinmechanicsexperimentsusingavideometricmethod.Inviewthatthebladesexperiencesmallbucklingdeformationandlargeintegraldeformationsimultaneously,weproposedaparallelnetworkmeasurement(PNM)methodincludingthekeytechniquessuchascameranetworkconstruction,c...

简介：Theabsenceofsub-gridscale(SGS)motionsleadstosevereerrorsinparticlepairdynamics,whichrepresentsagreatchallengetothelargeeddysimulationofparticle-ladenturbulentflow.Inordertoaddressthisissue,datafromdirectnumericalsimulation(DNS)ofhomogenousisotropicturbulencecoupledwithLagrangianparticletrackingareusedasabenchmarktoevaluatethecorrespondingresultsoffilteredDNS(FDNS).ItisfoundthatthefilteringprocessinFDNSwillleadtoanonmonotonicvariationoftheparticlecollisionstatistics,includingradialdistributionfunction,radialrelativevelocity,andthecollisionkernel.Thepeakofradialdistributionfunctionshiftstothelarge-inertiaregionduetothelackofSGSmotions,andtheanalysisofthelocalflowstructurecharacteristicvariableatparticlepositionindicatesthatthemosteffectiveinteractionscalebetweenparticlesandfluideddiesisincreasedinFDNS.Moreover,thisscaleshiftinghasanobviouseffectontheodd-ordermomentsoftheprobabilitydensityfunctionofradialrelativevelocity,i.e.theskewness,whichexhibitsastrongcorrelationtothevarianceofradialdistributionfunctioninFDNS.Asawhole,theradialdistributionfunction,togetherwithradialrelativevelocity,cancompensatetheSGSeffectsforthecollisionkernelinFDNSwhentheStokesnumberbasedontheKolmogorovtimescaleisgreaterthan3.0.However,itstillleavesconsiderableerrorsforStk<3.0.

简介：Windblownsandfluxanddunefieldevolvingtowardtheoasishavebeenacommonecologicalandenvironmentalthreatconfrontedbymanycountries.Meanwhile,itisalsoakindofcomplexdynamicalprocessinvolvingmultipletemporalandspatialscaleswhichisstilloutofaccuratedescriptionthroughcurrentfieldobservations.Availablemodelsandreliablequantitativesimulationsareofsignificantvaluetopredictthespreadingrateofdesertificationandprovideanoptimaldesignforsandprevention.Thisp...

简介：Hierarchicalsea-urchin-shapedmanganeseoxidemicrospheresweresynthesizedviaatacilemetnoabasedonthereactionbetweenKMnO4andMnSO4inHNO3solutionat50C.Theaveragediameterofthemicrospheresis850nm.Themicrospheresconsistofacoreofdiameterof800nmandnanorodsofwidth50nm.Thenanorodsexistattheedgeofthecore.TheBrunauer-Emmett-Tellersurfaceareaofthesea-urchin-shapedmicrospheresis259.4m2/g.Apossibleformationmechanismofthehierarchicalsea-urchin-shapedmicrospheresisproposed.Thetemperaturefor90%conversionofbenzene(T90%)onthehierarchicalurchin-shapedMnO2microspheresisabout218℃.

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简介：有磁力地稳定的床是受到液体驱动的变丑并且由有磁力地导致的interparticle力量控制了的包装的床。这份报纸作为可变形的多孔的媒介处理有磁力地稳定的床并且在灰尘过滤描述他们的申请。放大法律的RichardsonZaki，U/Ut=n描述这块地经由代表n的控制的床扩大，那产出孔依赖者流动长度规模dc=dpn。纸处理二个问题：由假定同类的床扩大和床变量流动长度规模的一个定义的(i)变丑特征；(ii)清扫象以可变流动长度规模表示并且由试验性的数据说明了的过滤器系数，特定的存款和过滤效率那样的过滤特征。

简介：Whilesciencecontinuestoextendtotwoextremes-micro-scaletowardsdimensionsevensmallerthanelementalparticlesandmega-scaleevenbeyondtheuniverse,onerecognizesthatreductionismisnotsufficienttosolvemanyproblemsweencounterinengineering,whicharelikelycharacterizedbynonlinearity,nonequilibdumanddissipativemulti-scalestructures.Ontheotherhand,thecommonfeaturesofthesenonlinearsystems,suchasbifurcation,statemultiplicityandself-organization,haveattractedmuchattention,leadingtotheapproachesoftheso-calledcomplexitysciencewhichhasbecomeafocusnotonlyinnaturalscienceandengineeringscience,butalsoinsocialscience.