简介:Background:Manydisease-specificfactorssuchasmuscularweakness,increasedmusclestiffness,varyingposturalstrategies,andchangesinposturalreflexeshavebeenshowntoleadtoposturalinstabilityandfallriskinpeoplewithParkinson'sdisease(PD).Recently,analyticaltechniques,inspiredbythedynamicalsystemsperspectiveonmovementcontrolandcoordination,havebeenusedtoexaminethemechanismsunderlyingthedynamicsofposturaldeclinesandtheemergenceofposturalinstabilitiesinpeoplewithPD.Methods:Awavelet-basedtechniquewasusedtoidentifylimitcycleoscillations(LCOs)intheanterior–posterior(AP)posturalswayofpeoplewithmildPD(n=10)comparedtoage-matchedcontrols(n=10).Participantsstoodonafoamandonarigidsurfacewhilecompletingadualtask(speaking).Results:Therewasnosignificantdifferenceintherootmeansquareofcenterofpressurebetweengroups.Threeoutof10participantswithPDdemonstratedLCOsonthefoamsurface,whilenoneinthecontrolgroupdemonstratedLCOs.AninvertedpendulummodelofbipedalstancewasusedtodemonstratethatLCOsoccurduetodisease-specificchangesassociatedwithPD:time-delayandneuromuscularfeedbackgain.Conclusion:Overall,theLCOanalysisandmathematicalmodelappeartocapturethesubtleposturalinstabilitiesassociatedwithmildPD.Inaddition,thesefindingsprovideinsightsintothemechanismsthatleadtotheemergenceofunstablepostureinpatientswithPD.
简介:ThreedecadesofrapideconomicdevelopmentinChinahavenotonlybenefitedmillionsofChinesebyimprovingtheirlivingstandardsbuthavealsodramaticallyincreasedthenumberofpeoplewhoarepartofthecountry’sagingpopulation.However,economicgrowthhasnotbeenaccompaniedbysufficientattentiongiventoimportantpublichealthissues,includinganincreaseintheincidenceofchronicdiseasesandadeclineinphysicalactivity(PA)thatcomeswithanagingpopulation.TherapidgrowthinChina’solderpopulationwillsoonexertanimpactonthenation’seconomy,populationhealthstatus,andhealthbehaviors,andwillincreasestressonitshealthcaresystem.Thisreviewarticleprovidesabroadperspectiveontheimpactofrapideconomicdevelopment,industrialization,andurbanizationonhealth-relatedbehaviors,withaspecificfocusonPAamongolderadults.Specifically,thearticleoffersanoverviewofthedemographiccontext,significantpublichealthchallenges,evidenceonPAandexerciseinterventions,andknowledgegapsandfuturedirectionsforresearch.
简介:Background:Althoughemergingresearchisdemonstratingthepotentialhealthimpactofexergaming,investigationshaveprimarilybeenconductedinlaboratorysettingsamongsmallsampleswithshort-terminterventions.Informationontheeffectivenessofexergaminginunderservedchildren’sobjectivephysicalactivity(PA)inpopulation-basedsettingsisalsoscarce.Moreover,mostempiricalstudieshaveonlyincluded1typeofexergameintheintervention.Therefore,thisstudy’spurposewastoinvestigatethelong-termimpactofamultigameexergaminginterventionamongunderservedchildrenintegratedwithinschoolcurricula.Specifically,thisstudyexaminedtheeffectofexergamingonchildren’saccelerometer-determinedsedentarybehavior(SB),lightPA,moderate-to-vigorousPA(MVPA),andenergyexpenditure(EE)over2yearsascomparedwithregularphysicaleducation(PE)classes.Methods:Atotalof261second-andthird-gradechildren(134girls,127boys;meanage8.27years)wererecruitedfrom2Texaselementaryschools.Children’spre-test3-daySB,lightPA,MVPA,andEEatschoolwereassessedinthefallof2012.Participantswereassignedto1of2groups:(1)exergaming/PEgroup(125minweeklyofexergaming-basedPAprogram)and(2)comparisongroup(125minweeklyofPE).PA(SB,lightPA,andMVPA)andEEoutcomevariableswereassessedagainin2013(post-test)and2014(follow-up).Results:SignificanttimeeffectswereobservedforSB(F(1,162)=25.0,p<0.01,η~2=0.14),lightPA(F(1,162)=9.6,p<0.01,η~2=0.06),andMVPA(F(1,162)=6.2,p=0.01,η~2=0.04)butnotforEE(F(1,162)=0.63,p>0.05,η~2=0.004).Subsequentpairwisecomparisonsrevealedsignificantincreasesfrompre-topost-testforlightPA(p<0.01),MVPA(p<0.01),andEE(p=0.02)withnochangesinSB(p>0.05).Conversely,significantdecreasesoccurredinlightPA(p<0.01)frompost-testtofollow-upwithnodifferencesseeninMVPA(p=0.08)andEE(p=0.06)overthesametimeperiod.Asignificantincreasewasseen,however,forSBfrompost-testtofollow-up.Conclusion:Exergami
简介:Purpose:ThepurposeofthisquantitativereviewwastosummarizethestateofElliot’sHierarchicalModelofApproachandAvoidanceMotivation,specificallytheantecedentsofthe2×2achievementgoalsinthesport,physicalactivity,andphysicaleducationliterature.Inaddition,theintercorrelationsamongstthe2×2goalswerealsoexamined.Methods:Asystematicreviewoftheliteraturewasconducted.Meta-analyticprocedureswereusedwiththemeanweightedsamplecorrelation(rw)astheeffectsizemetric.TheantecedentswerecodedbyElliot’s(1999)antecedentcategories.Anumberofmoderatorswerecodedapriori.Results:Basedonafixedeffectsmodelfrom47publishedstudies(totaluniquen=15,413)thatmetinclusioncriteria,the2×2achievementgoalsweresignificantlycorrelatedamongsteachotherrangingfromsmalltomediumtolargeinmeaningfulness.Concerningtheantecedents,overalltheyweretheoreticallycorrectinassociations,butonlyafewoftherelationshipsweremediuminmeaningfulness.Mostrelationshipsweresmallinmeaningfulness.Heterogeneitywaspresentfortheinterrcorrelationandantecedentanalyses.Conclusion:FutureresearchisencouragedtogrowandenrichtheunderstandingofachievementgoalswithinElliot’scompleteHierarchicalModelofApproachandAvoidanceMotivationtoincludebothantecedentsandoutcomessimultaneouslytoimproveupontheunderstandingofachievementmotivationinsport,exercise,andphysicalactivitysettings.