简介:One-cellmouseembryosfromKMstrainandB6C3F1strainwereculturedinM16medium,inwhich2-cellblockgenerallyoccurs.EmbryosofKMstrainexhibited2-cellblock,whereasB6C3F1embryos,whichareregardedasanonblockingstrain,proceededtothe4-cellstageinourculturecondition.Itisoftenassumedthattheblockofearlydevelopmentisduetothefailureofzygoticgeneactivation(ZGA)inculturedembryos.Inthisstudyweexaminedproteinsynthesispatternsbytwo-dimensionalgelelectrophoresisof[35S]methionineradiolabeled2-cellembryos.Embryosfromtheblockingstrainandthenonblockingstrainwerecomparedintheirdevelopmentbothinvitroandinvivo.ThedetectionofTRCexpression,amarkerofZGA,at42hposthCGinKMembryosdevelopedinvitrosuggestedthatZGAwasalsoinitiatedeveninthe2-cellarrestedembryos.Nevertheless,asignificantdelayofZGAwasobservedinKMstrainascomparedwithnormallydevelopedB6C3F1embryos.AttheverybeginningofmajorZGAasearlyas36hposthCG,TRChasalreadybeenexpressedinB6C3F1embryosdevelopedinvitroandKMembryosdevelopedinvivo.Butfor2-cellblockedKMembryos,TRCwasstillnotdetectableevenat38hposthCG.Theseevidencessuggestthat2-cell-blockedembryosdoinitiateZGA,andthat2-cellblockphenomenonisduenottothedisabilityininitiatingZGA,buttoadelayofZGA.
简介:Inordertostudythemechanismoftheeffectofheparinonapoptosisincarcinomacells,thenasopharyngealcarcinomacelllineCNE2wasusedtoidentifytheeffectofheparinonapoptosisassociatedwiththeexpressionofc-myc,bax,bcl-2proteinsbyuseofHoechst33258staining,terminaldeoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediateddUTPnick-endlabeling(TUNEL),agarosegelelectrophoresis,andflowcytometry,aswellasWesternblotanalysis.TheresultsshowedthatheparininducedapoptosisofCNE2cellsincludingthemorphologicchangessuchasreductioninthevolume,andthenuclearchromatincondensation,aswellasthe“ladderpattern”revealedbyagarosegelelectrophoresisofDNAinaconcentration-dependentmanner.ThenumberofTUNEL-positivecellswasdramaticallyincreasedto33.6±1.2%from2.8±0.3%bytreatmentwithheparinindifferentconcentrations(10~40kU/L).Theapoptoticindexwasincreasedto32.5%from3.5%bydetectingSubG1peaksonflowcytometry.Westernblotanalysisshowedthatlevelsofbcl-2,baxandc-mycweresignificantlyoverexpressedbytreatmentwiththeincreaseofheparinconcentrations.TheseresultssuggestthatheparininducesapoptosisofCNE2cells,whichmayberegulatedbydifferentialexpressionofapoptosis-relatedgenes.
简介:导致死亡的肿瘤坏死的能力因素相关的导致apoptosisligand(小道)大部分被描述了有选择地杀死许多癌症房间,但是有治疗的主要担心之一是药抵抗和可能的有毒的副作用的出现。这里,我们报导那条小道在Jurkat和SUPT1T房间线并且在人的高强风然而并非在健康的导出题目的外部血mononuclear房间导致apoptosis。在平行,有小道和Tyrphostin(AG-490)的治疗,选择Januskinase2禁止者,生产cytotoxicity的明显的改进,与控制相比或到由Stat3phosphorylation的重要抑制描绘了落后于独自一个对待的样品,并且与cIAP-1和cIAP-2mRNA层次的戏剧的减少联系了。由特定的小干扰RNA的cIAP-1和cIAP-2的Downregulation显著地放大减少小道的cytotoxicity。所有一起,这些调查结果强烈显示cIAP-1和cIAP-2downregulation是在调停的发信号的小径的基本的步T上的小道和AG-490的组合效果房间白血病。这些调查结果可以帮助在小道敏感的白血病影响的病人的治疗为不太有毒的药理学策略的发展打开新线路。
简介:Apoptosismanifestsintwomajorexecutionprogramsdownstreamofthedeathsignal:thecaspasepathwayandorganelledysfunction.Animportantantiapoptosisfactor,Bcl-2protein,contributesincaspasepathwayofapoptosis.Calcium,animportantintracellularsignalelementincells,isalsoobservedtohavechangesduringapoptosis,whichmaybeaffectedbyBcl-2protein.WehavepreviouslyreportedthatinHarringtonine(HT)inducedapoptosisofHL-60cells,there'schangeofintracellularcalciumdistribution,ovingfromcytoplastespeciallyGolgi'sapparatustonucleusandaccumulatingtherewiththehighestconcentration.Wereportherethatcaspase-3becomesactivatedinHT-inducedapoptosisofHL-60cells,whichcanbeinhibitedbyoverexpressionofBcl-2protein.NosignofapoptosisorintracellularcalciummovementfromGolgi'sapparatustonucleusinHL-60cellsoverexpressingBcl-2ortreatedwithAc-DEVD-CHO,aspecificinhibitorofcaspase-3.Theresultsindicatethatactivatedcaspase-2canpromotethemovementofintracellularcalciumfromGolgi'sapparatustonucleus,andtheprocessisinhibitedbyAc-DEVD-CHO(inhibitorofcaspase-3),andthatBcl-2caninhibitthemovementandaccumulationofintracellularcalciuminnucleusthroughitsinhibitiononcaspase-3.Calciumrelocalizationinapoptosisseemstobeirreversible,whichisdifferentfromtheintracellularcalciumchangescausedbygrowthfactor.
简介:Polyamines在在植物,而是他们的准确角色调整各种各样的发展过程被含有并且他们怎么管理这些过程尚待逃犯。我们这里报导浓密的Arabidopsis和矮子异种,bud2,哪个从编码S-adenosylmethioninedecarboxylases(SAMDC)的小基因家庭的一个成员的完全的删除的结果为在polyamine简历的不可缺少的中介的形成必要合成小径。bud2植物在开花期,根,和叶柄扩大了脉管的系统,并且polyamines的改变的动态平衡。bud2和samdc1的双异种,另一个SAMDC成员的击倒的异种,是胚胎致命,证明SAMDC为植物胚胎开始是必要的。我们的结果建议polyamines为更高的植物的正常生长和发展被要求。
简介:MicroRNAs是否定地在post-transcriptional水平调制基因表示的短规章的RNA,并且深深地涉及癌症的几种类型的致病。调查特定的miRNAs和他们的目标基因是否参予喉的癌的分子的致病,oligonucleotidemicroarrays被用来与正常纸巾相比在喉的癌纸巾估计microRNAs和mRNAs的微分表示侧面。oncogenicmiRNA,microRNA-21(miR-21),被发现是在喉的癌纸巾的upregulated。由特定的antisenseoligonucleotides的miR-21击倒而miR-21的overexpression提高了细胞的生长活动,由殖民地形成试金检测了,禁止了HEp-2细胞的增长潜力。miR-21抑制引起的房间数字减小由于G1-S阶段转变的控制的损失,而不是apoptosis的显著增加。随后,miR-21的新目标基因,BTG2,被发现是在喉的癌纸巾的downregulated。BTG2被知道充当一个平底锅房间周期管理者和肿瘤suppressor。这些调查结果显示miR-21的那异常表情可以由维持BTG2的底层贡献喉的癌的恶意的显型。oncogenicmiR-21和它的目标基因的鉴定,BTG2,为癌症诊断和治疗在喉的癌是潜在地珍贵的。
简介:Apoptosisplaysanimportantroleinembryonicdevelopment,tissueremodeling,immuneregulationandtumorregression.Twogroupsofmolecules(Bcl-2familyand“Deathfactor”family)areinvolvedinregulatingapoptosis.InordertoknowabouttheeffectofBcl-2onapoptosisinducedbyFas,atypicalmemberof“Deathfactor”family,thetransfectionexperimentswithexpressionvectorspcDNA3-flandpcDNA3-bcl-2wereperformedinBEL-7404cells,ahumanhepatocellularcarcinomacelllinewhichexpressesendogenousFas,butnotFasLandBcl-2.ThedatashowedthattheexpressionofFasLinpcDNA3-fltransfectedhepatomacellsobviouslyinducedtheapoptosisofthecells.However,theoverexpressionofBcl-2inpcDNA3-bcl-2transfected7404/b-16cellscounteractedpcDNA3-fltransienttransfectionmediatedapoptosis.FurtherstudybycotransfectionexperimentsindicatedthatBidbutnotBax(bothwerepro-apoptoticproteinsofBcl-2family)blockedtheinhibitoryeffectofBcl-2onFas-mediatedapoptosis.TheseresultssuggestedthatFas-mediatedapoptosisinhumanhepatomacellsispossiblyregulatedbyBcl-2familyproteinsviamitochondriapathway.
简介:在脂肪和肌肉房间,刺激胰岛素的葡萄糖举起被葡萄糖transporter主要调停4(GLUT4),哪个到响应胰岛素刺激的房间表面的从细胞内部的分隔空间的translocates。AS160是Akt的底层之一并且在调整胰岛素的GLUT4translocation起重要作用。在这研究,(RUVBL2)象RuvB一样蛋白质2用与集体spectrometry相结合的哺乳动物的双人脚踏车亲密关系纯化(龙头)作为新AS160有约束力的蛋白质被识别。在3T3-L1adipocytes,RUVBL2高度被表示并且在cytosol主要是分布式的。在adipocytes的RUVBL2的弄空通过减少刺激胰岛素的AS160phosphorylation禁止刺激胰岛素的GLUT4translocation和葡萄糖举起。然而,人的RUVBL2的介绍能颠倒这禁止的效果。这些数据建议RUVBL2通过它和AS160的相互作用在刺激胰岛素的GLUT4translocation起一个重要作用。
简介:POU抄写因素OCT4不仅在维持pluripotent和房间而且幕作为通过基因剂量的一个房间命运决定因素完成的胚胎的茎(ES)的自我更新的状态起一个必要作用。然而,控制细胞内部的OCT4蛋白质水平的分子的机制留下逃犯。这里,我们报导那人的WWP2,E3ubiquitin(Ub)蛋白质ligase,通过它的WW领域明确地与OCT4交往并且在vitro并且在vivo提高OCT4的Ub修正。我们首先证明在人的ES房间的内长的OCT4能被Ubpost-translationally修改。而且,我们发现WWP2以一种剂量依赖者方式,和WWP2的活跃地点半胱氨酸残余通过26Sproteasome支持了OCT4的降级在OCT4上为它的酶的活动和解朊的效果被要求。显著地,我们当WWP2表示是由特定的RNA干扰(RNAi)的downregulated时,内长的OCT4蛋白质水平显著地被提高的数据表演,建议那WWP2是为在人的ES房间维持合适的OCT4蛋白质水平的一个重要管理者。而且,北污点分析证明WWP2抄本在多样的人的织物/器官是广泛地在场的并且高度在无差别的人的ES房间表示了。然而,它的表示水平快速在区分的人的ES房间以后被减少,显示WWP2表示力量发展地被调整。我们的调查结果证明WWP2是在人的ES房间的OCT4蛋白质水平的一个重要管理者。
简介:混合的系kinase(MLK3)3是被肿瘤坏死因素激活的激活mitogen的蛋白质kinasekinasekinase--伪(TNF-伪)并且明确地在TNF-伪刺激上激活c6月N终端kinase(JNK)。TNF-伪由激活MLK3的机制不被知道。TNF联系受体的因素(TRAF)是被招募到TNF受体的细胞质的结束并且调停的改编者分子,包括JNK的激活下游的发信号。这里,我们报导MLK3与TRAF2,TRAF5和TRAF6联系;然而,仅仅TRAF2能显著地导致MLK3的kinase活动。到TRAF领域并且为到它的C终端一半(氨基酸511-847)的MLK3的TRAF2地图的相互作用领域。与对方一起的内长的TRAF2和响应以一种时间依赖者方式的TNF-伪处理的MLK3伙伴。在MLK3和TRAF2之间的协会调停有绑在MLK3的TRAF2删除异种的MLK3激活和竞争以一种剂量依赖者方式稀释MLK3kinase活动,在TNF-伪处理上。而且MLK3的下游的目标,JNK被TNF-伪以一种TRAF2依赖的方式激活。因此,我们在TRAF2和MLK3之间的直接相互作用为TNF-伪-被要求的数据表演导致了MLK3和它的下游的目标的激活,JNK。
简介:在干细胞生物学要处理的一个关键问题是控制胚胎的茎(ES)的分子的发信号机制细胞pluripotency。干细胞性质被象脱氧核糖核酸甲基化并且染色质改变那样的特定的抄写因素和epigenetic过程支配。几个cytokines/growth因素作为批评ES房间管理者被识别了。然而,在我们在ES房间连接细胞外的信号到transcriptional规定的细胞内部的发信号小径的知识有差距。这短评论讨论Shp2的生理的角色,细胞质的酷氨酸磷酸酶,在管理EScell自强对区别的分子的开关中。Shp2支持ES细胞分化,英皇家空军之阶级最低之兵的主要throughbi方向性的调整和Stat3小径。在老鼠ES房间的Shp2的删除导致更有效的自强。这观察提供动力在文化为ES房间的维护和扩大开发Shp2禁止者。
简介:(QS)在治安法官察觉到处理,细菌由利用响应许多环境暗示称为autoinducers的小发信号的分子调整基因表示。Autoinducer2(AI-2),表明分子的QS建议涉及interspecies通讯,被克否定、克积极的细菌的许多种类生产。在Escherichiacoli和沙门氏菌typhimurium,细胞外的AI-2被lsr操纵子编码的transporter进口进房间。lsr操纵子在上游,有编码LsrR的分叉地抄录的基因,它以前被报导镇压lsr操纵子和自己的抄写。这里,我们第一次证明了LsrR镇压lsr操纵子和自己由的抄写对他们用胶化移动和DNase的倡导者直接有约束力我footprinting试金。牛乳糖记者试金进一步建议在lsrR和lsrA倡导者区域的二个主题为LsrR绑定是关键的。而且,与结论一致,那phosphorylatedAI-2能在以前的研究减轻LsrR的压抑,我们phospho-AI-2显示的数据表演不能在vitro绑在它的自己的倡导者的LsrR。
简介:(FRS2)成纤维细胞生长因素(FGF)受体底层2是在FGF小径发信号的主要调停人。最近的研究在FRS2显示出那激活mitogen的蛋白质kinase(MAPK)phosphorylates丝氨酸和threonine残余,否定地影响FRS2的导致FGF的酷氨酸phosphorylation(PY)。几种刺激能导致FRS2的serine/threoninephosphorylation(PS/T),显示FRS2可能为学习在表明小径的生长因素之间的串音是有用的。这里,我们报导FRS2的导致FGF的PY能被EGF合作刺激在PC12房间稀释;这禁止的效果能被U0126完全颠倒,MEK的一个禁止者。我们进一步在FRS2识别了ERK1/2-binding主题并且在FGF或EGF刺激之上产生了FRS2-3KL,变异的缺乏MAPK绑定和磅。不同野类型(WT)FRS2,FRS2-3KL的导致FGF的PY不能被EGF合作刺激,和更展出的FRS2-3KL-expressingPC12房间禁止响应FGF处理比FRS2-WT-expressing房间区分潜力。这些结果建议FRS2的PS/T由FRS2-MAPK否定规章的循环调停了可以作为从另外的小径把否定规章的信号集成到产生FGFR的信号transduction的一个分子的开关工作。
简介:MembersofBcl-2familyofproteinsareregulatorsofcelldeaththatcanbegroupedintosubfamiliesofprosurvivalandproapoptoticmolecules.Theyarecharacterizedbythepresenceofseveralconservedmotifs,knownastheBcl-2homology(BH)domains,designatedBH1,BH2,BH3andBH4.MutagenesisandstructuralstudiesrevealedthattheBHdomainsareimportantfunctionaldomainsthatarealsorequiredfordimerizationfunction.Recently,asubfamilyofproapoptoticmoleculesonlycontainsBH3motifhasbeenidentifiedsuggestingBH3domainalonemaybesufficientformediatingproapoptoticfunctionamong
简介:Thec-erbB-2proto-oncogeneencodesa185kDaproteinp185,whichbelongstoepidermalgrowthfactorreceptorfamily.Amplificationofthisgenehasbeenshowntocorrelatewithpoorclinicalprognosisforcertaincancerpatients.ThemonoclonalantibodyA21whichdirectedagainstp185specificallyinhibitsproliferationoftumorcellsoverexpressingp185,henceallowsittobeacandidatefortargetedtherapy.InordertoovercomeseveraldrawbacksofmurineMAb,wecloneditsVHandVLgenesandconstructedthesingle-chainFv(scFv)throughapeptidelinker.TherecombinantscFvA21wasexpressedinEscherichiacoliandpurifiedbytheaffinitycolumn.SubsequentlyitwascharacterizedbyELISA,Westernblot,cellimmunohistochemistryandFACS.Alltheseassaysshowedthebindingactivitytoextracellulardomain(ECD)ofp185.BasedonthosepropertiesofscFvA21,wefurtherconstructedthescFv-Fcfusionmoleculewithahomodimerformandtherecombinantproductwasexpressedinmammaliancells.Inaseriesofsubsequentanalysisthisfusionproteinshowedidenticalantigenbindingsiteandactivitywiththeparentantibody.Theseanti-p185engineeredantibodieshavepromisedtobefurthermodifiedasatumortargetingdrugs,withaviewofapplicationinthediagnosisandtreatmentofhumanbreastcancer.
简介:Twomajorapoptosispathwayshavebeendefinedinmammaliancells,theFas/TNF-R1deathreceptorpathwayandthemitochondriapathway.TheBcl-2familyproteinsconsistofbothanti-apoptosisandpro-apoptosismembersthatregulateapoptosis,mainlybycontrollingthereleaseofcytochromecandothermitochondrialapoptoticevents.However,deathsignalsmediatedbyFas/TNF-R1receptorscanusuallyactivatecaspasesdirectly,bypassingtheneedformitochondriaandescapingtheregulationbyBcl-2familyproteins.Bidisanovelpro-apoptosisBcl-2familyproteinthatisactivatedbycaspase8inresponsetoFas/TNF-R1deathreceptorsignals.ActivatedBidistranslocatedtomitochondriaandinducescytochromecrelease,whichinturnactivatesdownstreamcaspases.Suchaconnectionbetweenthetwoapoptosispathwayscouldbeimportantforinductionofapoptosisincertaintypesofcellsandresponsibleforthepathogenesisofanumberofhumandiseases.