简介:AgraphGiscalledchromatic-choosableifitschoicenumberisequaltoitschromaticnumber,namelych(G)=χ(G).Ohba’sconjecturestatesthateverygraphGwith2χ(G)+1orfewerverticesischromaticchoosable.ItisclearthatOhba’sconjectureistrueifandonlyifitistrueforcompletemultipartitegraphs.Recently,Kostochka,StiebitzandWoodallshowedthatOhba’sconjectureholdsforcompletemultipartitegraphswithpartitesizeatmostfive.Butthecompletemultipartitegraphswithnorestrictionontheirpartitesize,forwhichOhba’sconjecturehasbeenverifiedarenothingmorethanthegraphsKt+3,2*(k-t-1),1*tbyEnotomoetal.,andKt+2,3,2*(k-t-2),1*tfort≤4byShenetal..Inthispaper,usingtheconceptoff-choosable(orL0-size-choosable)ofgraphs,weshowthatOhba’sconjectureisalsotrueforthegraphsKt+2,3,2*(k-t-2),1*twhent≥5.Thus,Ohba’sconjectureistrueforgraphsKt+2,3,2*(k-t-2),1*tforallintegerst≥1.
简介:目的研究过表达Tenomodulin(TNMD)对NIH3T3和C3H10T1/2细胞系肌腱相关分子表达的作用。方法体外培养NIH3T3和C3H10T1/2细胞系,利用脂质体法在两种细胞系中分别转染pCAGGS空载体和pCAGGS-TNMD表达载体,G418进行稳定筛选。RT-PCR确认成功转染后,利用倒置相差显微镜观察细胞形态,同时定量PCR检测肌腱相关基因的表达情况。结果两种细胞系转染后细胞形态均无明显改变。基因水平上,NIH3T3细胞过表达TNMD后,collagenⅥ和biglycan显著降低,collagenⅠ没有显著差别。而在C3H10T1/2细胞中,collagenⅠ和biglycan显著升高,collagenⅥ没有显著差别。结论过表达TNMD对NIH3T3和C3H10T1/2细胞系的细胞形态没有影响,但能影响肌腱相关基因的表达情况。
简介:Glucosetransporter4(GLUT4)isresponsibleforinsulin-stimulatedglucosetransportingintotheinsulin-sensitivefatandmusclecells.ThedynamicsofGLUT4storagevesicles(GSVs)remainstobeexploredanditisunclearhowGSVsarearrangedbasedontheirmobility.Weexaminedthisissuein3T3-L1cellsviainvestigatingthethree-dimensionalmobilityofsingleGSVlabeledwithEGFP-fusedGLUT4.Athinlayerofcytosolrightadjacenttotheplasmamembranewasilluminatedandsuccessivelyimagedat5Hzunderatotalinternalreflectionfluorescencemicroscopewithapenetrationdepthof136nm.Employingsingleparticletracking,thethree-dimensionalsubpixeldisplacementofsingleGSVwastrackedataspatialprecisionof22nm.Boththemeansquaredisplacementandthediffusioncoefficientwerecalculatedforeachvesicle.Trackingresultsrevealedthatvesiclesmovedasifrestrictedwithinacagethathasameanradiusof160nm,suggestingthepresenceofsomeintracellulartetheringmatrix.ByconstructingthehistogramofthediffusioncoefficientsofGSVs,weobservedasmoothdistributioninsteadoftheexistenceofdistinctgroups.TheresultindicatesthatGSVsaredynamicallyretainedinacontinuousandwiderangeofmobilityratherthanintoseparateclasses.
简介:目的:探究多巴胺与多巴胺复合Ⅰ型胶原对成骨细胞MC3T3-E1初期粘附的影响。方法:分别在多巴胺改性、多巴胺复合Ⅰ型胶原改性的玻片和空白玻片上培养MC3T3-E1细胞。采用CCK-8法检测细胞体外增殖能力。通过场发射扫描电镜、激光共聚焦显微镜以及体式显微镜分别观察MC3T3-E1细胞早期粘附形态。结果:MC3T3-E1细胞在三组玻片上培养1、3、7d的增殖结果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。相对于空白玻片组,MC3T3-E1细胞在多巴胺以及多巴胺复合Ⅰ型胶原组上铺展、粘附形态更好。结论:多巴胺促进成骨细胞粘附,多巴胺复合Ⅰ型胶原同样是理想的促粘附手段。两者在骨组织工程中是良好的表面改性手段。
简介:2006走了,真诚感谢大家一年来对T3的关注和支持,使T3得以茁壮成长,相比只有一对父母的孩子,T3更幸福,因为有更多的“叔叔阿姨”们在关心着它的成长。我如此比喻不是因为谦卑,是因为目前的T3的确还处于幼年,发育尚未成熟,作为它的监护人,我们责无旁贷地要“养育”其快速成长,使其成为英俊潇洒、人见人爱的小伙子……哇,挺帅的!
简介:摘要目的研究"T-3-1"临床小讲课在临床教学中的应用效果。方法将在临床科室实习的48名医学生随机分组,实验组24名,对照组24名,实验组在小讲课中采用"T-3-1"教学法,对照组采用传统方法,比较两组学生的出科考试成绩和对小讲课效果的评价。结果实验组出科考试理论成绩和操作成绩(80.71±3.14)分、(77.92±4.40)分,均高于对照组(77.58±4.54)分、(76.25±5.16)分,其中理论成绩2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);对讲课效果的评价,实验组的7项指标均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论"T-3-1"临床小讲课应用于临床教学,丰富了小讲课形式,可有效提高学生学习主动性和积极性,提高临床教学质量。
简介:AbstractBackground:Pharmacological factors used to induce insulin resistance (IR) in in vitro models may not mimic the full in vivo features of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to examine the ability of diabetic serum (DS) to induce IR and investigate whether adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium (ADMSC-CM) reverses DS-induced IR.Methods:DS was obtained from newly diagnosed T2DM patients. IR was induced in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells by employing dexamethasone, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), palmitate and DS. Glucose uptake (2-[N-[7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl] amino]-2-deoxyglucose(2-NBDG) uptake assay), intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and superoxide radicals (O2-) (fluorescence microscopy and fluorometry) were analyzed in control and experimental samples. mRNA expression of key genes involved in glucose transport and inflammation were analyzed by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Pro-inflammatory cytokines and phospho-insulin receptor substrate (IRS) (Ser-307) protein expression were analyzed by fluorescence activated cell sorter analysis. Statistical significance was determined by using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison tests.Results:ADMSC-CM significantly increased the DS-mediated decrease in 2-NBDG uptake (11.01 ± 0.50 vs. 7.20 ± 0.30, P < 0.01) and reduced DS-driven ROS (fluorescence count, 6.35 ± 0.46 vs. 9.80 ± 0.10, P < 0.01) and O2- (fluorescence count, 3.00 ± 0.10 vs. 4.60 ± 0.09, P < 0.01) production. Further, the ADMSC-CM restored DS-induced down regulation GLUT4 (1.52- fold, P < 0.05) as well as the up-regulation of PPARγ (0.35-fold, P < 0.01), and IKKβ (0.37-fold, P < 0.01) mRNA, and phospho-IRS (Ser-307) protein expression compared to the baseline (median fluorescence intensity, 88,192 ± 2720 vs. 65,450 ± 3111, P < 0.01). DS induced IR, similar to the traditionally used pharmacological factors, namely dexamethasone, TNF-α, and palmitate, which can be attributed to the significantly higher pro-inflammatory cytokines levels (TNF-α (2.28 ± 0.03 pg/mL vs. 2.38 ± 0.03 pg/mL, P < 0.01), interleukin 6 (IL)-6 (1.94 ± 0.02 pg/mL vs. 2.17 ± 0.04 pg/mL, P < 0.01), IL-17 (2.16 ± 0.02 pg/mL vs. 2.22 ± 0.002 pg/mL, P < 0.05), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) (2.07 ± 0.02 pg/mL vs. 2.15 ± 0.04 pg/mL, P < 0.05)) in DS.Conclusions:DS can be explored as a novel inducer of IR in in vitro studies with further standardization, substituting the conventionally used pharmacological factors. Our findings also affirm the validity of ADMSC-CM as a prospective insulin sensitizer for T2DM therapy.