简介：你知道一个人在什么时候生长速度快?什么时候停止生长?在早晨还是晚上高?

简介：HowcanteachersteachEnglishwritingeffectively?Andhowcanstudentslearntowriteessayscorrectly?TheseseemtobetwopuzzlingproblemsforChineseteachersandlearners.Thispaperaimstointroduceanewteachingapproach:theLengthApproach,anddiscussesitsmerits.

简介：AbstractThepurposeofthearticleistoformulate,underthel_∞riskmeasure,amodelofportfolioselectionwithtransactioncostsandtheninvestigatetheoptimalstrategywithintheproposed.Thecharacterizationofaoptimalstrategyandtheefficientalgorithmforfindingtheoptimalstrategyaregiven.

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简介：Forgivendata(ti,yi),I=0,1,…,n,0=t0＜t1＜…＜tn=1westudyconstrainedinterpolationproblemofFavardtypeinf{‖f'‖∞|f∈W2∞[0,1],f(ti)=yi,i=0,…,n,l(f;[0,1])≤l0},wherel(f';[0,1])=∫10/1+f'2(x)dxisthearclengthoffin[0,1].Weprovetheexistenceofasolutionf*oftheaboveproblem,thatisaquadraticsplinewithasecondderivativef'*,whichcoincideswithoneoftheconstants-‖f'*‖∞,0,‖f'*‖∞betweeneverytwoconsecutiveknots.Thus,weextendaresultofKarlinconcerningFavardproblem,tothecaseofrestrictedlengthinterpolation.

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简介：Thediscussionaboutsmartgrid(SG)implementationismostlyfocusedonpilotprojects.Theseprojectsarenecessaryformappingofparticulartechnicaldevicesofadvancedmeteringmanagement(AMM)whichisneededforsuccessfulSGandwholefunctionalSGsystemoperation.Accordingtoouropinion,forthenextstepofSGimplementation,theparticipationofeffectivemarketdesignwouldbequitenecessary.Inotherwords,pilotprojectwhichisoperatedregardlesstothemarketconditionsandspecialSGtariffisincompleteandcouldbeirrelevantforfurtherevaluationoffeasibility.Withregardtoabovementionedfacts,thedetailedcost-benefit-analysis(CBA)isneededtoestablishthecorrectmethodologyforevaluationofSGimplementationeffectiveness.Relatedaspectsarementionedanddiscussedinthispaper,inwhichtheparticularcostandbenefitsaswellasfeedbackthatoccursasthereactiononimplementationaresummarizedandquantified.

简介：UMLisastandardmodelinglanguageusedinobject-orientedanalysisanddesign.Functionpointanalysisisamethodusedtomeasurethesizeofanapplication,Itisindependentoftheimplementationprogramminglanguage.Itsmeasuringresultcanbecomparedbetweendifferentdevelopmentprocesses.ThispaperpresentsamethodtousetherequirementsanalysismodelofUMLtoanalysistheapplication'sfunctionpoints,sosoftwaredevelopercanuseittoestimatetheproject'ssizeandcost.Animprovedmethodisgivenattheendofthispaper.

简介：AbstractBackground and objective:The size of the cochlea varies a lot among the human population bringing the necessity for electrode arrays to be available in various lengths irrespective of the cochlear implant (CI) brand. This research software helps in the estimation of the patient’s cochlear duct length (CDL) which is then used for the simulation of the correct length electrode array matching the patient’s cochlear size and as well in getting the patient specific cochlear frequency map.Methods:Visual Studio Express 2012 for Windows Desktop is used in the architecture of this research software. The basal turn diameter of the cochlea ( "A" value) needs to be measured from the pre-operative computed tomography (CT) image of the patient’s temporal bone. This "A" will be taken as the input for the CDL equations proposed by Alexiades et al for estimating the CDL along the basilar membrane for various insertion depths. Greenwood’s equation is then used in combination with the CDL for the full length of the cochlea in getting the patient specific frequency map.Results:The research software with the help of the "A" value as input, with few button clicks, gives the patient specific CDL for various insertion depths and the Greenwood’s frequency map. The users have the choice to select any electrode array of their choice and place it under the frequency map to see how good it fits to that particular patient’s cochlea. Also, given the possibility to drag and move the electrode array picture to mimic the post-operative actual electrode insertion depth.Conclusions:This research software simplifies the overall process of CDL estimation and in getting the patient specific cochlear frequency map. The clinicians get the chance to simulate placing the various electrode array lengths in patient cochlea in identifying the best fit electrode. This could help in pushing the CI field into the concept of individualized CI electrode array solution that ultimately benefits the patients.

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简介：当分配固定成本被当作另外的费用的补充时，常规数据包封分析(DEA)研究处于固定成本分配问题忽略了回来的效果到规模(RTS)。这篇论文首先表明RTS为什么应该处于固定成本分配问题被考虑。然后把固定成本当作互补输入，作者调查在分配费用和可变回来之间的关系到规模(VRS)效率基于超级电子消息传输方式DEA模型。然而，infeasibility问题可以处于这种状况存在。处理它，作者建议一个算法。作者发现超级电子消息传输方式效率是一个单调分配费用的非增加的功能。基于关系，作者是最后以原则建议一条固定成本分配途径：固定成本比例分配了到无弹性的DMU的(i)应该与他们的消费费用比例一致，并且(ii)一样的效率满足度到剩余的DMU。最佳的分配计划是唯一的。一个数字例子和在13个附属公司之中分配固定成本的一个真实例子被采用说明建议途径。

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简介：Amega-eventwhichattractsattentionfromallovertheworldmighthavebothpositiveandnegativeeffectonthehostingcity(Symeetal.1989).Theaimofthispaperistoevaluatethecostsandbenefitsofbiddingforthehostingofmegaevents.Itidentifiedlegaciesofbiddingforthehostingofmegaeventsfromfollowingfouraspects,whichareeconomics,publiclife,infrastructure,andimageofthehostingcity,withthemethodsofliteraturereview,logicanalysis,examples,andcontrastanalysis.Theresultofthisstudyunveiledthatwhenacitybidsforhostingamega-eventforthepurposeofstimulatingitslocaleconomic,improvingcivicpride,developingbasicpublicinfrastructures,andenhanceitscityimagetotheworldwide,italsoneedstopayattentiontopotentialdrawbacksofhostingtheevent,suchasdebtcrisis,interferingthedailylifeofthepublic.

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简介：Abstract.Tosometwoperiodeconomieswithcountableinfinitestatespaces,theexistenceofexpectationequilibriumofrealasseteconomieswithtransactioncostsisgiven.ThisworkextendstheresearchesofZamein1993.

简介：Surfaceeffectsonthepersistencelengthofquasi-one-dimensionalnanomaterialsareinvestigatedbyusingthetheoryofsurfaceelasticityandthecore–shellmodelofnanobeams.Asimpleandunifiedexpressionisprovidedtodeterminethepersistencelengthofnanowiresandnanotubeswithanyregularpolygonalcross-sections.Itisdemonstratedthatsurfaceeffectshaveadistinctinfluenceonthepersistencelengthwhenthecharacteristicsizesofmaterialsshrinktonanometers.Thisworkishelpfulnotonlyforunderstandingthesize-dependentbehaviorofnanomaterialsbutalsoforthedesignofdevicesbasedonnanotubesornanowires.

简介：Classicalsortingbyreversalsusestheunit-costmodel,thatis,eachreversalconsumesanequalcost.Thismodellimitsthebiologicalmeaningofsortingbyreversal.Benderandhiscolleaguesextendeditbyassigningacostfunctionf(l)=lαforallα≥0,wherelisthelengthofthereversedsubsequence.Inthispaper,weextendtheirresultsbyconsideringamodelinwhichlongreversalsareprohibited.Usingthesamecostfunctionaboveforpermittedreversals,wepresenttightornearlytightboundsfortheworst-casecostofsortingbyreversals.Thenwedevelopalgorithmstoapproximatetheoptimalcosttosortagiven0/1sequenceaswellasagivenpermutation.OurproposedproblemsaremorebiologicallymeaningfulandmorealgorithmicallygeneralandchallengingthantheproblemconsideredbyBenderetal.Furthermore,ourboundsaretightandnearlytight,whereasouralgorithmsprovidegoodapproximationratioscomparedtotheoptimalcosttosort0/1sequencesorpermutationsbyreversals.

简介：Basedontheperiodicstructureofcodeworksoflinearblockcodes,anewideaoflength-varyingcodingdigitalcommunicationssystemisproposedtosavethechannel.Itisshown,byexample,thatupto1/3ofchannelcapacitycanbesavedbythenewsysteminsomespecialsituations.Inordertofindwhichblockcodeissuitabletouseinlength-varyingcodingsystem,theperioddistributionofthecodehastobecal-culated.Newrwsultsabouttheperioddistributionarepresentedwhilemanyopenproblemsremain.

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简介：AbstractBackground:Despite free diagnosis and treatment for tuberculosis (TB), the costs during treatment impose a significant financial burden on patients and their households. The study sought to identify the determinants for cata-strophic costs among patients with drug-sensitive TB (DSTB) and their households in Kenya.Methods:The data was collected during the 2017 Kenya national patient cost survey from a nationally representative sample (n= 1071). Treatment related costs and productivity losses were estimated. Total costs exceeding 20% of household income were defined as catastrophic and used as the outcome. Multivariable Poisson regression analysis was performed to measure the association between selected individual, household and disease characteristics and occurrence of catastrophic costs. A deterministic sensitivity analysis was carried using different thresholds and the significant predictors were explored.Results:The proportion of catastrophic costs among DSTB patients was 27% (n = 294). Patients with catastrophic costs had higher median productivity losses, 39 h [interquartile range (IQR): 20-104], and total median costs of USD 567 (IQR: 299-1144). The incidence of catastrophic costs had a dose response with household expenditure. The poorest quintile was 6.2 times [95% confidence intervals (CI): 4.0-9.7] more likely to incur catastrophic costs compared to the richest. The prevalence of catastrophic costs decreased with increasing household expenditure quintiles (proportion of catastrophic costs: 59.7%, 32.9%, 23.6%, 15.9%, and 9.5%) from the lowest quintile (Q1) to the highest quintile (Q5). Other determinants included hospitalization: prevalence ratio (PR)= 2.8 (95% CI: 1.8-4.5) and delayed treatment: PR = 1.5 (95% CI: 1.3-1.7). Protective factors included receiving care at a public health facility: PR = 0.8 (95% CI: 0.6-1.0), and a higher body mass index (BMI): PR= 0.97 (95% CI: 0.96-0.98). Pre TB expenditure, hospitalization and BMI were significant predictors in all sensitivity analysis scenarios.Conclusions:There are significant inequities in the occurrence of catastrophic costs. Social protection interventions in addition to existing medical and public health interventions are important to implement for patients most at risk of incurring catastrophic costs.