简介：AbstractIn modern society, subarachnoid hemorrhage, mostly caused by intracranial aneurysm rupture, is accompanied by high disability and mortality rate, which has become a major threat to human health. Till now, the etiology of intracranial aneurysm has not been entirely clarified. In recent years, more and more studies focus on the relationship between hemodynamics and intracranial aneurysm. Under the physiological condition, the mechanical force produced by the stable blood flow in the blood vessels keeps balance with the structure of the blood vessels. When the blood vessels are stimulated by the continuous abnormal blood flow, the functional structure of the blood vessels changes, which becomes the pathophysiological basis of the inflammation and atherosclerosis of the blood vessels and further promotes the occurrence and development of the intracranial aneurysm. This review will focus on the relationship between hemodynamics and intracranial aneurysms, will discuss the mechanism of occurrence and development of intracranial aneurysms, and will provide a new perspective for the research and treatment of intracranial aneurysms.

简介：我们证明那在那里存在位于一种保角的公制、兼容的连接形式，和公制的类型Hamiltonian下面与歧管(我们把它称为几何图画)，那能被放进与平常的Hamilton-Lagrange力学的通讯。二的动态等价的要求Hamiltonians打字，momenta由二幅图画产生了相等为乘都，是足够的决定保角的因素的扩大，在几何并列表示上定义，在它有到Hamiltonian-Lagrange图画的潜力的功能决定的所有订单的系数的analyticity的领域，在Hamilton-Lagrange并列表示，和它的衍生物上定义。相反地，如果保角的功能被知道，一幅Hamilton-Lagrange图画的潜力能以一个类似的方法被决定。我们证明在Hamilton-Lagrange图画的轨道的任意的本地变化能被变化在几何图画沿着geodesics产生并且建立为理解在几何图画的不稳定性怎么在不稳定性被表明提供一个基础的通讯原来的Hamiltonian运动。

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简介：Halliday从英汉语言的异同谈到语言知识在语言教学中的重要性,最后还探讨了语言"变体"等问题:(1)英汉语言对比,(2)语言知识的重要性,(3)关于"变体"。

简介：线性Gutenberg-Richter关系是生长得很好的。在地球的任何区域，地震的数字的对数，比任何大小大，与大小成正比。这意味着内在的物理非线性、不完全有弹性。这个非线性的物理没被解决。这里，我们建议液体岩石变丑的新理解提供位于Gutenberg-Richter下面的物理：在situ的在几乎所有的浸透液体的microcracks摇的地方，是那么空间得仔细的他们接近失败和破裂，并且因此是批评系统的它在常规亚critical地球物理上强加根本上新的性质。在moonquakes的线性Gutenberg-Richter关系的观察建议剩余液体在月亮在深度存在。

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简介：Basedontheobserved2-yeartemperaturedataforfourkindsoftypicalurbanunderlyingsurfaces,includingasphalt,cement,barelandandgrassland,theannualvariationsandinfluencingfactorsoflandsurfacetemperatureareanalyzed.Thenfittingequationsforsurfacetemperatureareestablished.Itisshownthattheannualvariationofdailyaverage,maximumandminimumtemperatureanddailytemperaturerangeonthefoururbanunderlyingsurfacesisconsistentwiththechangeinairtemperature.Thedifferenceoftemperatureondifferentunderlyingsurfacesinthesummerhalfyear(MaytoOctober)ismuchmoreevidentthanthatinthewinterhalfyear(DecembertothefollowingApril).Thedailyaverageandmaximumtemperaturesofasphalt,cement,barelandandgrasslandarehigherthanairtemperatureduetotheatmosphericheatinginthedaytime,withthatofasphaltbeingthehighest,followedinturnbycement,barelandandgrassland.Moreover,thedailyaverage,maximumandminimumtemperatureonthefoururbanunderlyingsurfacesarestronglyimpactedbytotalcloudamount,dailyaveragerelativehumidityandsunshinehours.Thelandsurfacecanbecooled(warmed)byincreasedtotalcloudamount(relativehumidity).Thechangesintemperatureonbarelandandgrasslandareinfluencedbyboththetotalcloudamountandthedailyaveragerelativehumidity.Thetemperatureparametersofthefourlandsurfacesaresignificantlycorrelatedwithdailyaverage,maximumandminimumtemperature,sunshinehours,dailyaveragerelativehumidityandtotalcloudamount,respectively.Theanalysisalsoindicatesthattherangeoffittingparameterofalinearregressionequationbetweenthesurfacetemperatureofthefourkindsoftypicallandsurfaceandtheairtemperatureisfrom0.809to0.971,passingtheF-testwithaconfidencelevelof0.99.

简介：Racialdisparitiesinadvancedcoursetakinghaveremainedandevenincreasedagainstthebackdropoftherecentadvancedplacement(AP)anddualenrollment(DE)programexpansiontoanopenaccess,yetfewhaveexaminedtheunderlyingdynamics.UsingtheCollegeBoard’sSATquestionnairedataofthe2008and2014publichighschoolseniors,weshowthatadvancedcoursetakingbecameincreasinglyprevalent,yetBlackstudents’coursetakingratesremainedthelowest,andHispanicstudents’progresswasrelativelylimited.Thethree-wayinteractionmodelsillustratetheunderlyingdynamics.Blackstudentshadpersistentlyloweracademicachievement;higher-achievingBlackfellfurtherbehind,andmid-achievingHispanicstudentshadnotkeptupwiththeirrespectiveWhitecounterpartinadvancedcoursetakingovertime.Justastheeffectivelymaintainedinequality(EMI)theorypredictsthatadvantagedgroupswouldeffectivelyseekqualitativeadvantages,Whitestudentsnotonlyhadfurtherstrengthenedtheiracademicachievements,theyhadalsoincreasinglygraspedtheopportunitiestotakeadvancedcoursesacrossachievementlevels,whichwouldenablethemtodistinguishthemselvesintheupcomingtransitiontocollege.

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简介：Anapproachforgeneratinginteractive3Dgraphicalvisualizationofthegeneticarchitecturesofcomplextraitsinmultipleenvironmentsisdescribed.3Dgraphicalvisualizationisutilizedformakingimprovementsontraditionalplotsinquan-titativetraitlocus(QTL)mappinganalysis.Interactive3DgraphicalvisualizationforabstractexpressionofQTL,epistasisandtheirenvironmentalinteractionsforexperimentalpopulationswasdevelopedinframeworkofuser-friendlysoftwareQTLNetwork(http://ibi.zju.edu.cn/software/qtlnetwork).Noveldefinitionofgraphicalmetasystemandcomputationofvirtualcoordinatesareusedtoachieveexplicitbutmeaningfulvisualization.Interactive3DgraphicalvisualizationforQTLanalysisprovidesgeneticistsandbreedersapowerfulandeasy-to-usetooltoanalyzeandpublishtheirresearchresults.

简介：Sitobionavenae(F.)是能在Poaceae在各种各样的植物上幸存的世界范围的一个重要谷物害虫，但是不同主人植物上的分叉的选择应该支持专业化遗传型或主人赛跑的进化。为了评估他们的资源，使用策略，S的克隆。avenae从燕麦和大麦被收集。为这些克隆的主人转移实验在实验室被进行比较他们的健康特点。我们的结果证明大麦克隆有显著地更低的肥沃并且趋于有从大麦转移到燕麦的更长发展的时间。然而，在他们被转移到大麦以后，燕麦克隆更快发展了。从燕麦和大麦的克隆以肥沃和美女的发展时间分叉到某个程度。大麦克隆的分离和S的燕麦克隆。avenae在主要部件分析也是明显的。大麦克隆趋于比燕麦克隆为健康特点有更高宽广感觉的可遗传性，显示在他们之间的区别的基因基础。大麦克隆从专门化的二项措施与燕麦克隆相比显示出专门化的显著地更高的程度(即，Xsp和Ysp)。因此，大麦克隆被专业化到某个程度，但是燕麦克隆看起来被概括。S的健康。avenae克隆趋于与专门化的更高的程度增加。向在S的生态的专门化的进化。avenae克隆，以及内在的基因基础，被讨论。

简介：Age-relatedmaculardegeneration(AMD)causesirreversiblelossofcentralvisionforwhichthereisnoeffectivetreatment.IncipientpathologyisthoughttooccurintheretinaformanyyearsbeforeAMDmanifestsfrommidlifeonwardstoaffectalargeproportionoftheelderly.Althoughgeneticaswellasnon-genetic/environmentalrisksarerecognized,itscomplexaetiologymakesitdifficulttoidentifysusceptibility,orindeedwhattypeofAMDdevelopsorhowquicklyitprogressesindifferentindividuals.HerewesummarizetheliteraturedescribinghowtheAlzheimer's-linkedamyloidbeta(Aβ)groupofmisfoldingproteinsaccumulateintheretina.ThediscoveryofthiskeydriverofAlzheimer'sdiseaseinthesenescentretinawasunexpectedandsurprising,enablinganaltogetherdifferentperspectiveofAMD.WearguethatAβfundamentallydiffersfromothersubstanceswhichaccumulateintheageingretina,anddiscussourlatestfindingsfromamousemodelinwhichphysiologicalamountsofAβweresubretinally-injectedtorecapitulatesalientfeaturesofearlyAMDwithinashortperiod.OurdiscoveriesaswellasthoseofotherssuggestthepatternofAβaccumulationandpathologyindonoraged/AMDtissuesarecloselyreproducedinmice,includinglate-stageAMDphenotypes,whichmakesthemhighlyattractivetostudydynamicaspectsofAβ-mediatedretinopathy.Furthermore,wediscussourfindingsrevealinghowAβbehavesatsingle-cellresolution,andconsiderthelong-termimplicationsforneuroretinalfunction.WeproposeAβasakeyelementinswitchingtoadiseasedretinalphenotype,whichisnowbeingusedasabiomarkerforlatestageAMD.

简介：Menofreproductiveageundergoingradiotherapyareoftenconcernedaboutthepossibleeffectsonfertilityandfuturechildren[1].Inthisinvestigation,serumtestosteronewasmeasuredfollowingwhole-bodyirradiationwitha2Gycarbonionradiation(CIR),andimmunofluorescencewereusedtoinvestigateproteinlocalizationthatevaluatetheunderlyingtoxicologicalmechanismofacuteinjuryinducedbyCIRinpubertalmicetestes.

简介：Schisandrachinensis,atraditionalChinesemedicine(TCM),hasbeenusedtotreatsleepdisorders.Zebrafishsleep/wakebehavioralprofilingprovidesahigh-throughputplatformtoscreenchemicals,buthasneverbeenusedtostudyextractsandcomponentsfromTCM.Inthepresentstudy,theethanolextractofSchisandrachinensisanditstwomainlignincomponents,schisandrinandschisandrinB,werestudiedinzebrafish.Wefoundthattheethanolextracthadbidirectionalimprovementinrestandactivityinzebrafish.SchisandrinandschisandrinBwerebothsedativeandactivecomponents.WepredictedthatschisandrinwasrelatedtoserotoninpathwayandtheenthanolextractofSchisandrachinensiswasrelatedtoseoroninanddomapinepathwaysusingadatabaseofzebrafishbehaviors.ThesepredictionswereconfirmedinexperimentsusingCaenorhabditiselegans.Inconclusion,zebrafishbehaviorprofilingcouldbeusedasahigh-throughputplatformtoscreenneuroactiveeffectsandpredictmolecularpathwaysofextractsandcomponentsfromTCM.

简介：AbstractBackground:Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the commonest cause of heart failure (HF), whereas pulmonary hypertension (PH) has not been established or reported in this patient population. Therefore, we assessed the prevalence, risk factors, and survival in CAD-associated HF (CAD-HF) complicated with PH.Methods:Symptomatic CAD-HF patients were continuously enrolled in this prospective, multicenter registry study. Echocardiography, coronary arteriography, left and right heart catheterization (RHC), and other baseline clinical data were recorded. Patients were followed up and their survival was recorded.Results:One hundred and eighty-two CAD-HF patients were enrolled, including 142 with HF with a preserved ejection fraction (heart failure with preserved ejection fraction [HFpEF]; left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] ≥50%) and 40 with a reduced ejection fraction (heart failure with reduced ejection fraction [HFrEF]; LVEF < 50%). PH was diagnosed with RHC in 77.5% of patients. Patients with PH showed worse hemodynamic parameters and higher mortality. HFrEF-PH patients had worse survival than HFpEF-PH patients. CAD-HF patients with an enlarged left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and reduced hemoglobin were at higher risk of PH. Nitrate treatment reduced the risk of PH. Elevated creatinine and mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), diastolic pressure gradient (DPG) ≥7 mmHg, and previous myocardial infarction (MI) entailed a higher risk of mortality in CAD-HF patients with PH.Conclusions:PH is common in CAD-HF and worsens the hemodynamics and survival in these patients. Left ventricle enlargement and anemia increase the risk of PH in CAD-HF. Patients may benefit from nitrate medications. Renal impairment, elevated mPAP, DPG ≥7 mmHg, and previous MI are strong predictors of mortality in CAD-HF-PH patients.Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02164526.

简介：AbstractDespite overwhelming evidence from large randomized clinical trials supporting a clear benefit of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering therapy on the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, data from epidemiological and clinical observations demonstrated an increased incidence of hemorrhagic stroke in patients with low LDL-C exposure (<70 mg/dL), especially among East Asians. Meanwhile, emerging studies have reported a paradoxical phenomenon in which hypercholesterolemia is associated with better short-term outcomes in acute coronary syndrome patients, the "lipid paradox." The underlying mechanism for these two closely connected clinical observations is not clear. This review aimed to summarize the evolution and clinical implications of these two low LDL-C related concepts, and proposed a "double-hit" hypothesis that may help explain these phenomena. It is worth noting that in the era of increasing use of high-intensity LDL-C lowering and dual antiplatelet strategies in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in patients receiving percutaneous coronary intervention, balancing the risk of thrombosis with bleeding complication should be a priority in clinical practice. Our hypothesis may raise clinicians’ awareness to identify potential high risk patients with low LDL-C (<70 mg/dL), especially among East Asians.