简介：AbstractAlthough whole-exome sequencing and whole-genome sequencing has tremendously improved our understanding of the genetic etiology of human disorders, about half of the patients still do not receive a molecular diagnosis. The high fraction of variants with uncertain significance and the challenges of interpretation of noncoding variants have urged scientists to implement RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) in the diagnostic approach as a high throughput assay to complement genomic data with functional evidence. RNA-seq data can be used to identify aberrantly spliced genes, detect allele-specific expression, and identify gene expression outliers. Amongst eight studies utilizing RNA-seq, a mean diagnostic uplift of 15% has been reported. Here, we provide an overview of how RNA-seq has been implemented to aid in identifying the causal variants of Mendelian disorders.

简介：AbstractCell-cell communication is the basis of physiological processes and cell signals. The disease occurs when the cells do not adequately communicate and the messages are blocked. With ligand-receptor interaction databases and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) databases, we can detect intercellular signaling and reconstruct the cell-cell communications among different cell types. This review summarized the computational approaches for analyzing the cell-cell communication based on scRNA-seq data and discussed its applications in carcinogenesis and COVID-19. We believe that this review will accelerate the scRNA-seq data deciphering and facilitate the cell-cell communication studies for complex physiological processes, such as carcinogenesis and SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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简介：AbstractTargeted sequencing and whole exome sequencing are the most common approaches used to detect causative variants in Mendelian diseases; however, using DNA-based sequencing techniques, the current molecular diagnostic yield is at best 50%. In recent years, RNA sequencing has been shown to be able to provide a genetic diagnosis in patients whose conditions were previously unable to be identified by DNA analysis. RNA sequencing can reveal expression outliers, aberrant splicing events, allele-specific expression, and new pathogenic variants, and as such can complement and expand on the traditional genomic methods used to diagnose Mendelian diseases. Therefore, RNA sequencing is expected to become a routine method for genetic diagnosis in the future. This article reviews the applications and challenges of RNA sequencing in the genetic diagnosis of Mendelian diseases.

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简介：AbstractBackground:Chromosomal abnormalities are important causes of ventriculomegaly (VM). In mild and isolated cases of fetal VM, obstetricians rarely give clear indications for pregnancy termination. We aimed to calculate the incidence of chromosomal abnormalities and incremental yield of chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) in VM, providing more information on genetic counseling and prognostic evaluation for fetuses with VM.Methods:The Chinese language databases Wanfang Data, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and China Biomedical Literature Database (from January 1, 1991 to April 29, 2020) and English language databases PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library (from January 1, 1945 to April 29, 2020) were systematically searched for articles on fetal VM. Diagnostic criteria were based on ultrasonographic or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessment of lateral ventricular atrium width: ≥10 to <15 mm for mild VM, and ≥15 mm for severe VM. Isolated VM was defined by the absence of structural abnormalities other than VM detected by ultrasonography or MRI. R software was used for the meta-analysis to determine the incidence of chromosomal abnormalities and incremental yield of CMA in VM, and the combined rate and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated.Results:Twenty-three articles involving 1635 patients were included. The incidence of chromosomal abnormalities in VM was 9% (95% CI: 5%-12%) and incremental yield of CMA in VM was 11% (95% CI: 7%-16%). The incidences of chromosomal abnormalities in mild, severe, isolated, and non-isolated VM were 9% (95% CI: 4%-16%), 5% (95% CI: 1%-11%), 3% (95% CI: 1%-6%), and 13% (95% CI: 4%-25%), respectively.Conclusions:Applying CMA in VM improved the detection rate of abnormalities. When VM is confirmed by ultrasound or MRI, obstetricians should recommend fetal karyotype analysis to exclude chromosomal abnormalities. Moreover, CMA should be recommended preferentially in pregnant women with fetal VM who are undergoing invasive prenatal diagnosis. CMA cannot completely replace chromosome karyotype analysis.

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简介：AbstractObjective:He-Zhao deficiency was originally described as a severe type of nonsyndromic hypodontia, and the causative gene locus was mapped to chromosome 10q11.2. The aim of this study was to identify potential genetic mutations that could cause He-Zhao deficiency.Methods:Patients with He-Zhao deficiency and their unaffected relatives of the large pedigree were investigated. The whole-exome sequencing using next-generation sequencing was employed to identify genetic variants. The data generated from the whole-exome sequencing using the Illumina Novaseq 6000 system were further analyzed by Burrows-Wheeler Aligner software, Sequence Alignment/Map tools and ANNOVAR tool. In vitro luciferase assay was used to investigate the effect of the detected mutation on gene expression. R environment was used to conduct t-tests. The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (M2011004).Results:The exomes of five patients with He-Zhao deficiency and two of their unaffected relatives identified a mutation in PRKG1α as the molecular etiology of the disease. The variant c.-144 C>A of PRKG1 isoform 1 cosegregated with permanent tooth agenesis in 93 family members who were older than 12, at which time the primary teeth should have been replaced with permanent teeth. Functional studies suggested that the mutant allele promotes gene transcription by increasing its promoter activity.Conclusion:c.-144 C>A variant of PRKG1α involving odontoclast-associated root resorption is responsible for He-Zhao deficiency, unlike other forms of hypodontia, which typically involve odontoblast dysfunction.

简介：摘要目的探讨长链非编码RNA同源异形盒转录反义RNA(lncRNA HOTAIR)通过靶向微小RNA-520g-3p(miR-520g-3p)对胰腺癌细胞增殖、迁移能力的影响。方法实时定量聚合酶链式反应(qRT-PCR)检测胰腺癌细胞中miR-520g-3p、HOTAIR表达水平；转染HOTAIR小干扰RNA至SW1990胰腺癌细胞中，并分为NC组、siHOTAIR-1组、siHOTAIR-2组。细胞计数试剂盒(CCK-8)实验检测细胞增殖能力，划痕愈合实验检测细胞迁移能力；双荧光素酶报告基因实验验证miR-520g-3p与HOTAIR靶向调控关系，两组之间的定量资料比较采用t检验。结果qRT-PCR结果表明SW1990中HOTAIR mRNA水平明显高于人正常胰腺导管上皮细胞(HPDE，3.08±0.33比1.57±0.17，t＝29.830, P<0.01)；miR-520g-3p在SW1990中的表达水平明显低于人正常胰腺导管上皮细胞(HPDE，0.93±0.11比2.63±0.24，t＝22.410, P<0.01)；HOTAIR小干扰RNA转染至SW1990中，72 h后NC组细胞吸光度(A)值明显高于siHOTAIR-1组、siHOTAIR-2组(3.52±0.99比1.92±0.23、2.36±0.58，t＝6.340、5.150，P<0.01)；降低HOTAIR表达48 h后，NC组细胞划痕愈合面积百分比为显著高于siHOTAIR-1组、siHOTAIR-2组[(85.37±9.82)%比(50.56±5.82)%、(35.28±6.86)%，t＝7.760, 14.750，P<0.01]，差异均有统计学意义。双荧光素酶报告基因表明miR-520g-3p可明显降低野生型HOTAIR载体荧光素酶活性。下调miR-520g-3p表达水平后，SW1990细胞增殖及迁移能力高于对照组(t＝13.190、12.480，P<0.01)，差异有统计学意义。结论HOTAIR可通过靶向负调控miR-520g-3p影响胰腺癌细胞增殖、迁移能力。

简介：AbstractImportance:Staphylococcus lugdunensis (S. lugdunensis) is a coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CoNS), found commonly as skin flora in humans. While most species of CoNS are clinically benign, S. lugdunensis can exhibit a similar virulence to that of S. aureus. However, there is scant data concerning S. lugdunensis infection in the pediatric population.Objective:To ascertain local S. lugdunensis infection rates and sensitivity patterns in the pediatric population.Methods:A retrospective analysis was undertaken of all S. lugdunensis isolates across a 6-year period from 2015 to 2020. Data were collected from electronic patient notes and laboratory records. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization and time of flight mass spectrometry were used to identify isolates.Results:Ninety-six isolates of S. lugdunensis were identified from 86 patients. Of these, 34 isolates were treated as an infection. Twenty-three (67.6%) were found to have skin as the primary source of infection. While the observed number was small, central nervous system (CNS) sources of S. lugdunensis infection appear to be a significant source: all three isolates cultured from cerebrospinal fluid were clinically managed as infection. All three were associated with ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt infection. No cases of S. lugdunensis infective endocarditis were identified. About 18.6% of S. lugdunensis isolates were resistant to flucloxacillin.Interpretation:S. lugdunensis is an uncommon but significant cause of infection in the pediatric population and appears to be a rising cause of CNS infection, particularly when associated with VP shunts. Flucloxacillin is recommended locally as the first choice of antibiotic.

简介：AbstractCardiotocography measures the human fetal heart rate and uterine activity using ultrasound. While it has been a mainstay in antepartum care since the 1960s, cardiotocograms consist of complex signals that have proven difficult for clinicians to interpret accurately and as such clinical inference is often difficult and unreliable. Previous attempts at codifying approaches to analyzing the features within these signals have failed to demonstrate reliability or gain sufficient traction. Since the early 1990s, the Dawes-Redman system of automated computer analysis of cardiotocography signals has enabled robust analysis of cardiotocographic signal features, employing empirically-derived criteria for assessing fetal wellbeing in the antepartum. Over the past 30 years, the Dawes-Redman system has been iteratively updated, now incorporating analyses from over 100,000 pregnancies. In this review, we examine the history of cardiotocography, signal processing methodologies and feature identification, the development of the Dawes-Redman system, and its clinical applications.

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简介：摘要目的探讨环状RNA-7(circularRNA, ciRS)-7在食管鳞癌细胞放疗抵抗中的作用及生物学机制。方法采用慢病毒转染食管鳞癌细胞系KYSE410和KYSE510构建ciRS-7敲降细胞系(分为正常对照组和sh#1组、sh#2组)。不同剂量射线(2 Gy组、4 Gy组、8 Gy组)照射上述细胞，收集各组细胞染色，流式细胞术检测活细胞比例。双荧光素酶报告系统检测ciRS-7与微小RNA(microRNA，miR)-7的调控关系；KYSE410细胞分正常组、ciRS-7敲降组，RT-qPCR检测miR-7表达。shRNA转染KYSE410细胞，分为干扰组(正常对照组、敲降ciRS-7组);过表达组(ciRS-7和miR-7同时过表达组、阴性对照组、miR-7过表达组),蛋白质印迹法检测各组中B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病-2蛋白(bcl-2)的表达。两组间比较采用独立样本的t检验，以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果KYSE410细胞sh#1组(0.36±0.03)、sh#2组(0.37±0.12)ciRS-7表达量低于正常对照组(1.00±0.01, t＝24.460、8.910, P<0.05); KYSE510细胞sh#1组(0.40±0.08)、sh#2组(0.34±0.08)ciRS-7表达量低于正常对照组(1.00±0.08, t＝8.514、9.550, P<0.05)，差异均有统计学意义。4 Gy射线照射后，KYSE410细胞sh#1组[(37.00±3.07)%]、sh#2组[(39.50±0.70)%]活细胞比例低于正常对照组[(63.50±6.36)%, t＝7.400、5.301, P<0.05]; KYSE510细胞sh#1组[(39.00±8.48)%]、sh#2组[(39.50±0.70)%]活细胞比例低于正常对照组[(73.50±6.36)%, t＝4.600、7.509, P<0.05]。8 Gy射线照射后，KYSE410细胞sh#1组[(22.50±3.53)%]、sh#2组[(39.50±0.70)%]活细胞比例低于正常对照组[(50.50±2.12)%, t＝9.604、11.800, P<0.05]; KYSE510细胞sh#1组[(33.00±2.82)%]、sh#2组[(31.00±2.82)%]活细胞比例低于正常对照组[(60.50±2.12)%, t＝11.000、11.800, P<0.05]，差异均有统计学意义。KYSE410细胞过表达ciRS-7组(1.00±0.23)的miR-7表达低于正常对照组(0.54±0.08, t＝3.191, P<0.05),双荧光素酶报告系统证实ciRS-7吸附结合miR-7。同时过表达miR-7及ciRS-7组的bcl-2表达高于过表达miR-7组(0.59±0.11, t＝6.013, P<0.05)、敲降ciRS-7组(0.83±0.08, t＝3.717, P<0.05),差异均有统计学意义。结论ciRS-7通过靶向miR-7促进食管鳞癌细胞的放疗抵抗。

简介：摘要近年来，长非编码RNA(lncRNA)作为竞争性内源RNA(ceRNA)在黑色素瘤中的研究日益增多。lncRNA在黑色素瘤中呈现高表达或低表达，并通过ceRNA机制竞争性地与miRNA结合，影响miRNA下游靶基因mRNA的表达，从而发挥癌基因或抑癌基因的作用。了解lncRNA作为ceRNA在黑色素瘤中的作用，可为未来黑色素瘤的诊断及治疗靶点研究提供新思路。

简介：[摘要]近百年来，由于人类大量消耗能源，致使全球生态环境恶化现象日益严重，各国开始重视这些问题并寻求可持续发展之道。建筑产业属于高污染行业，建筑的建造、使用以及后期拆除过程中均产生大量污染物。越来越多的建筑师开始研究自然建筑，并付之实践。本文浅要概述了自然建筑的发展历程及其建造常用材料和工法，总结归纳了国内外自然建筑的发展现状。期望从国外及台湾地区的自然建筑实践吸取经验，对实际项目中的建筑设计有所启发。

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简介：摘要：声音是电影表现技巧中的一种有力方法，因为它能使我们通过荧幕上的图像积极地构造出一种鲜明的感觉模式。《欲望号街车》这部电影应用多种声音技巧成功地刻画了多个人物形象。这篇论文就这一问题从不同方面试以分析欣赏本部电影中主人公的一些声音。

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