简介：AbstractChoosing the appropriate antibiotics to treat bacterial infections has grown more challenging as a result of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Aminoglycosides, as broad-spectrum antibiotics, are increasingly being used clinically; however, for most effective employment of aminoglycosides, a comprehensive understanding of aminoglycoside resistance genes’ prevalence and dissemination is required. Therefore, to better understand the global resistance status of aminoglycoside antibiotics and the prevalence of antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) in various bacterial species, this systematic review gathered relevant data from multiple studies. Two primary resistance mechanisms—aminoglycoside enzymatic modification and 16S rRNA methylation—were assessed, and the prevalence of the corresponding ARGs was described. The coexistence of aminoglycoside ARGs with other ARGs was also demonstrated, as was the relationship between aminoglycoside ARGs and resistant phenotypes. The lack of effective therapeutic agents to combat resistant pathogens presents a real threat to public health. The combination of aminoglycosides with other antibiotics may provide a novel treatment strategy.

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简介：AIM:Toidentifytheprevalenceofretinopathyofprematurity(ROP)amongpretermneonatesadmittedtoDepartmentofNeonatology,RIPAShospital,BruneiDarussalam.·METHODS:Westudied67preterminfantsfulfillingtheeligibilitycriteriaforROPscreening.AllinfantsstudiedwereadmittedtotheDepartmentofNeonatology,RIPASHospital,withinaperiodofoneyear.Birthweight(BW),gestationalage(GA),correctedageateachreview,initialandfinaldiagnosesandnumberofreviewsrequiredwasrecordedforeachinfant.Infantswerefolloweduptwoweeklyuntiltheyreachacorrectedageof40weeksorcompletevascularizationwasnoted.PrevalenceofROPwasidentified.Descriptiveanalysis,regressionanalysisandindependent-samplet-testwereusedtostatisticallycheckfordifferencesbetweenROPandnon-ROPgroups.·RESULTS:Atotalnumberof201ROPscreeningswerecarriedoutfor67preterminfants.Malesoutnumberedfemales(56.7%).Themeannumberofreviewsperchildwas(3.19±1.1)times(range:1-6times),themeanGAamongthepretermbabiesexaminedwas(29.5±2.6)weeks(range:23-36weeks),andthemeanBWwas1300±500g(range:660-3600g).TheprevalenceofROPamongtheexaminedinfantswas34.8%.Prevalenceofthresholddiseasethatrequiredlasertreatmentwas25.4%.PrevalenceofROPamongthosewithextremelylowBWwas86.7%comparedto27.8%inthosewithverylowBW.RespiratorydistressandcongenitalheartdiseasesweresignificantlyassociatedwithhigherincidenceofROP.·CONCLUSION:LowerBW,lowerGAandfemalegenderareassociatedwithhigherriskofdevelopingROPamongpreterminfantsinBruneiDarussalam.

简介：大学不仅要开设普通的心理学课程，而且还要在心理学课程里加入有关将来职业规划的课题，这是社会经济结构发展要求大学成为职业训练和准备基地的必然结果。美国的一些研究表明，开设此类课题的意义重大，有助于大学生储备与将来职业相关的知识，有助于大学生在毕业之后找到较好的工作……

简介：Dataontheprevalenceofdepressioninadultcongenitalheartdisease(ACHD)patientsdifferwidely.Weaimtosummarizethebestavailableinformationontheprevalenceofdepression,itsprognosticimpact,andpsychiatricinterventionsfordepressedACHDpatients.WereviewedreferencesinrelevantpublicationsuptoOctober17,2017.Forhomogeneityofdata,studiesinwhichdepressionwasindependentlyassessedinpatientsaged18yearsorolderorwithamean/medianageolderthan18yearswereincluded.Retrospectiveandpostoperativeevaluationstudieswereexcluded.Twentypublicationsmetthesecriteria.StudysamplesincludedACHDpatientsfollowedupatACHD-specializedhospitalsin13countries.Theprevalenceofdepressiondifferedwidely,rangingfrom6to69%.Depressionhasbeenshowntobeanindependentpredictorofadverseclinicaloutcomes.Itisalsofrequentlyassociatedwithotherprognosticvariables(i.e.,poorfunctionalclass,unfavorableperceivedhealthstatus,andlowqualityoflife).Currently,norandomizedclinicaltrialsonpsychiatricinterventionsinACHDareavailable.Insummary,depressionishighlyprevalentinACHDpatients,yetitisoftenunrecognizedanduntreated.Theadverseprognosticimpactofdepressioncallsforspecializedpsychiatricinterventions,forwhichmoreresearchisneededintheACHDpatientpopulation.

简介：AbstractImportance:The prevalence and characteristics of short stature (SS) among children in China should be assessed to provide guidance for planning and implementation of nationwide public health policies. Thus far, there have been no accurate estimates of the prevalence of SS in China.Objective:To analyze the prevalence of SS among children in China and to explore the influences of sex, area, age, study year, and study site on prevalence rates.Methods:Relevant literature was identified by searching the following databases: PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library, Chinese Biomedical Literature, China Knowledge Resource Integrated, WeiPu, and WanFang databases. Meta-analysis was carried out using STATA 11.2.Results:This meta-analysis included 39 studies with 348 326 Chinese participants; the studies covered 20 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions. The pooled prevalence of SS was 3.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.6%-3.7%; I2 = 99.8%). The prevalence of SS in boys and girls were 3.1% (95% CI, 2.5%-3.7%) and 3.2% (95% CI, 2.6%-3.9%), respectively. The sex difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The prevalence of SS was higher in rural areas than in urban areas (4.7% [95% CI, 3.6%-5.8%] vs. 2.8% [95% CI, 2.2%-3.4%]; P < 0.001). The prevalence of SS was higher in West China (5.2%; 95% CI, 4.4%-6.0%) than in Northeast China (0.6%; 95% CI, 0.3%-0.8%), East China (2.3%; 95% CI, 1.9%-2.8%), or Central China (2.9%; 95% CI, 1.9%-3.9%).Interpretation:The prevalence of SS among children was higher in western and rural areas of China. Close attention to children’s growth and development is needed to prevent the occurrence of SS.

简介：ObjectivesToinvestigatetheprevalenceofhypertensionanditsprimaryriskfactorsinpatientswithdilatedcardiomyopathy(DCM).MethodsThreehundredandsixty-twopatientswithDCM(DCMgroup)and401age-matchedresidents(controlgroup)wereenrolledrandomlyinthestudy,thehypertensiveprevalenceratewerecalculatedrespectivelyinthetwogroupsandwerecomparedwitheachother;thepatientsintheDCMgroupweredividedintotwosubgroups(hypertensionsubgroupandnon-hypertensionsubgroup)accordingtowhetherthepatientshavehypertension;theclinicaldatarelatedtobloodpressurewascomparedbetweenthetwosubgroups.ResultsTheprevalenceofhypertensioninDCMgroupwassignificantlyhigherthanthatinthecontrolgroup(32.8%vs.20.1%,P<0.01);Therewerenosignificantdifferencesontheage,gender,occupationandleftventricularejectionfraction(LVEF)betweenthetwosubgroups,butthemeanheartrateandthepercentageofpatientswhohadfamilyhistoryofhypertensionweresignificantlyhigherinthehypertensionsubgroupthanthatinthenon-hypertensionsubgroup(P<0.05andP<0.01).ConclusionsTheprevalenceofhypertensioninpatientswithDCMwashigh;TheincreasedactivityofsympatheticnervoussystemandthehypertensivegeneticfactormaybethemainriskfactorsofhypertensioninpatientswithDCM.

简介：AIM:TodescribetheprevalenceanddemographiccharacteristicsofcornealblindnessinanurbanandruralregionofNingxia,locatedinthenorthwestpartofChina.METHODS:Astratified,randomizedsamplingprocedurewasemployedinthestudy,includingurbanandruralareaofallagegroup.Visualacuity,anteriorsegmentandocularfunduswerechecked.Relatedfactorofcornealdisease,includingage,gender,educationstatus,ethnicgroup,locationandoccupation,wereidentifiedaccordingtouniformcustomizedprotocol.Aneyewasdefinedtobecornealblindnessifthevisualacuitywas<20/400duetoacornealdisease.RESULTS:Threethousandindividuals(1290fromurbanareaand1710fromruralarea)participatedintheinvestigation,witharesponserateof80.380%.Theprevalenceofcornealblindnesswas0.023%inbotheyesand0.733%inatleastoneeye.Theblindnessinatleastoneeyewithvariedcauseswaspresentin106participants(3.533%)andinbilateraleyesin34participants(1.133%).Thecornealdiseasesaccountedfor20.754%ofblindnessinatleastoneeyeand20.588%ofbilateralblindness.TheprevalenceofcornealdiseasewashigherinolderandHanethnicgroup,especiallythosewhooccupiedinagricultureandoutdoorwork.Peoplewithcornealblindnessweremorelikelytobeolderandlowereducation.Ruralpopulationweremorelikelytosufferfrombilateralcornealblindnessthantheurbanpopulationin≥59-yeargroup(χ2=6.716,P=0.019).Infectious,traumaandimmunecornealdiseasewerethethreeleadingcausesofcornealdisease.Traumacornealdiseasewasmorelikelyleadingtoblindnessinoneeye.However,infectiousandimmunecornealdiseasesmakemorecontributiontothebilateralcornealblindness.CONCLUSION:CornealblindnessisasignificantburdenofinNingxiapopulation,encompassingavarietyofcornealinfectionsandtrauma;themajorityofthosewereavoidable.Healthpromotionstrategiesandgoodhygienicconditionshavetobedeveloped.

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简介：关于早泄(PE)的定义，分类和流行有进行中的争论。PE的第一个基于证据的定义与终生的PE被限制到异性爱的人从事阴道交际。不幸地，有PE的抱怨的许多病人不满足这些标准。然而，这些人能作为PE子类型，也就是获得的PE，自然可变PE或象早熟一样之一被诊断射精的机能障碍。不过，这些子类型的有效性被证据还没支持了。一个普遍接受的PE定义的缺席和为数据获得的标准的缺乏导致了报导了冲突率的流行研究。20%的高流行；-30%；可能由于在如此的调查被进行的时间在定义使用的含糊的术语。尽管当为基于人口的流行研究询问了时，许多人可以抱怨PE，仅仅他们的一些将活跃地为他们的抱怨寻求治疗，尽管大多数这些病人将定义与PE适合的症状。获得的PE病人的抱怨可能是更严重的，而经历象早熟一样的病人的抱怨射精的机能障碍与PE的各种各样的形式在人之中似乎最少严重。尽管众多的治疗形式为PE的管理被建议了，仅仅抗抑郁剂和热门麻木的乳脂当前被证明了有效。当任何一个都没被规章的机构同意了治疗形式，进一步的研究不管多么必须被带为PE开发有益的治疗策略。

简介：AIM:Toestimateoverallprevalenceofretinopathyofprematurity(ROP)inIranusingasystematicreviewandMeta-analysis.METHODS:AsystematicreviewandMeta-analysiswasperformedofallpublishedstudiespertainingtoprevalenceofROPusinginternationalandnationalelectronicdatabases(ISIWebofSciences,PubMed,Scopus,GoogleScholar,SID,MagIran,andIranMedex)fromtheirinceptionuntilMay2016withstandardkeywords.BeggandEggertestswereusedtoexaminethepublicationbiasandCochrantestandI~2statisticswereusedtoevaluatethestatisticalheterogeneity.PooledestimateoftheprevalenceofROPwerecalculatedusingrandomeffectsMetaanalysis.RESULTS:ThepublicationbiasassumptionwasrejectedbyEggertestswithP-valueequalto0.024.TheresultsofCochrantestandI~2statisticsrevealedsubstantialheterogeneity(Q=1099.02,df=25,I~2=97.7%,P=0.001).TheoverallprevalenceofROPusingtherandomeffectmodelinIranwas26.1%(95%CI:20.3%-31.8%).CONCLUSION:TheprevalenceofROPisrelativelyhighinIran.Lowbirthweightandgestationalagearesignificantriskfactorsforthedisease.Improvedcare,includingoxygendeliveryandmonitoring,forpretermbabiesinallfacilitysettingswouldreducethenumberofbabiesaffectedwithROP.

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简介：AbstractBackground:The prevalence rates of freezing of gait (FOG) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) vary widely, ranging from 14.0 to 55.1%. Our aim is to calculate the overall prevalence of FOG in all PD patients with different disease durations and severities.Methods:Using Medline/PubMed/Embase, we carried out a systematic literature search for studies reporting the PD and clinically relevant FOG.Results:After primary screening, a total of 35 studies were identified and further analyzed for inclusion into the analysis, and 29 studies fulfilled the quality criteria and included in this meta-analysis. The overall prevalence of FOG in PD was 39.9% (95% CI 35.3-44.5%). The FOG identified by the freezing of gait questionnaire item 3 may be more prevalent (43.8%, 95% CI 38.5-49.1%) than the FOG identified by the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale item 14 (36.0%, 95% CI 29.0-43.1%). Disease duration and severity are both the clinical features associated with the FOG. The highest FOG prevalence rate in PD patients was seen in patients with disease durations ≥ 10 years, at 70.8%, followed that of PD patients with disease durations ≥ 5 years (53.3%), and PD patients with disease durations < 5 years (22.4%). FOG presented in 28.4% of PD patients with Hoehn and Yahr staging (H&Y) score ≤ 2.5, and in 68.4% of PD patients with H&Y score ≥ 2.5.Conclusion:This meta-analysis confirms that the prevalence of FOG in PD is considerable, and highlights the need for accurate identification of FOG in PD.

简介：AbstractObjective:We conducted this study to determine the associations of possible risk factors and prevalence of recurrent otitis media with effusion (OME) in a cohort of children in Upper Egypt.Methods:This was a cross-sectional study undertaken in two tertiary referral centers in Upper Egypt. Associations of possible risk factors with prevalence of recurrent OME were studied. Multi-factor logistic regression analysis was done to recognize the statistically significant risk factors associated with recurrent OME.Results:We collected the data of 2003 pediatric patients, of which 1016 were males (50.7%). A total number of 310 children have OME, including 159 males (51.3%). The prevalence rate of OME in our cohort was 15.5%. Multi-factor logistic regression analysis of the risk factors related to recurrent OME showed it was strongly associated with adenoid hypertrophy (P < 0.0001), tonsil hypertrophy (P < 0.0001), sinusitis (P < 0.0001), posterior nostril polyps (P = 0.009), allergic rhinitis (P < 0.0001), recurrent URTIs (P = 0.029) and gastroesophageal reflux (P = 0.031).Conclusions:Our study showed that recurrent OME in children in Upper Egypt is a common multifactorial problem, especially in young age. In our locality, allergic rhinitis, recurrent upper respiratory tract infections, gastroesophageal reflux, adenoid and tonsil hypertrophy were the most important associated factors related to the etiopathogenesis of OME.

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简介：AbstractColistin is an old antimicrobial that has been revitalized as last-resort treatment against multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacterial infections. However, colistin has been widely used in agricultural production and veterinary medicine for decades, and the recent global dissemination of mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) genes from animals to humans seriously threats the clinical use of colistin. Most of the mcr-harboring isolates have been Enterobacteriaceae, such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica which are common to animals and humans. An understanding of the origin, dissemination and transmission of mcr genes in bacteria common to animals and humans will facilitate the management of colistin use and relevant interventions to prevent further spread of resistance. This review aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of the global prevalence and transmission of mcr genes of animal and human commensal/pathogenic bacteria.

简介：Objective:Tostudytheprevalenceofchondromalaciapatellaamongcollegestudentsandthecorrelationwithsportsinjury.Methods:354studentsfromgymnasticdepartmentand429fromnongymnasticdepartmentwithkneejointpainwereselected.184studentsfromgymnasticdepartmentand342fromnongymnasticdepartmentwerecheckedrandomlybyasurgeon.77patients(37males,40females)fromgymnasticdepartmentand119patients(62males,57females)fromnongymnasticdepartmentwerediagnosedaschondromalaciapatellae.Theamountofexerciseandtheoccurrenceofsportsinjurywereinvestigatedineachstudent.AlldatawereanalyzedwithSPSS10.0statisticalsoftware.Results:Theprevalenceofchondromalaciapatellawas20.1%infemalestudentsand11.6%inmalestudentsfromgymnasticdepartment,and5.61%infemalestudentsand4.92%inmalestudentsfromnongymnasticdepartment.Theamountofexerciseandtheoccurrenceofsportsinjurytothekneejointinstudentsfromgymnasticdepartmentweregreaterthanthosefromnongymnasticdepartment.Conclusions:Inbothfemaleandmalestudents,theprevalenceofchondromalaciapatellaishigheringymnasticdepartmentthannongymnasticdepartment.Sportsinjuryisanimportantcauseofchondromalaciapatella.

简介：AbstractBackground:Laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD) is a condition with nonspecific symptoms and most of times patients present late with advanced disease which may pre-dispose to malignancy. The magnitude and clinical characteristics of this condition are not well known among patients attending Otorhinolaryngology services in Tanzania.Materials and methods:This was a hospital based descriptive cross sectional study, conducted in the wards and clinics of Otorhinolaryngology department of Muhimbili National Hospital. Patients with symptoms of Laryngopharyngeal reflux disease were included in the study. Data was collected using questionnaires and clinical examination forms, were processed and analysed by using SPSS. Results presented in frequency tables, cross tabulations and figures.Results:This study recruited 256 participants among them males were 131(51.2%).The mean age was (41.38 ± 13.94) years. Prevalence of Laryngopharyngeal reflux disease was 18.4% without gender predilection. The commonest symptoms were globus sensation, hoarseness of voice and excessive urge to clear the throat with 95.7%, 88.1% and 83.0% respectively while the most observed signs were thick endolaryngeal mucus, Vocal cord oedema and partial ventricular obliteration with 90.9%, 88.6% and 72.7% respectively. Lying down less than two hours after meal and spices foods consumption were the leading risk factors. Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus type 2 were the most prevalent co morbid conditions associated with Laryngopharyngeal reflux disease.Conclusion:The prevalence of Laryngopharyngeal reflux disease is high among patients attending Otorhinolaryngology services at Muhimbili national hospital. All patients with Laryngopharyngeal reflux disease related symptoms should get thorough evaluation for early diagnosis and treatment.