简介：Differentapproachesfortreatinglungcancerhavebeendevelopedovertime,includingchemotherapy,radiotherapyandtargetedtherapiesagainstactivatingmutations.Lately,betterunderstandingoftheroleoftheimmunologicalsystemintumorcontrolhasopenedmultipledoorstoimplementdifferentstrategiestoenhanceimmuneresponseagainstcancercells.Itisknownthattumorcellseludeimmuneresponsebyseveralmechanisms.Thedevelopmentofmonoclonalantibodiesagainstthecheckpointinhibitorprogrammedcelldeathprotein1(PD-1)anditsligand(PD-L1),onTcells,hasledtohighactivityincancerpatientswithlonglastingresponses.Nivolumab,anantiPD-1inhibitor,hasbeenrecentlyapprovedforthetreatmentofsquamouscelllungcancerpatients,giventhesurvivaladvantagedemonstratedinaphaseIIItrial.Pembrolizumab,anotherantiPD-1antibody,hasreceivedFDAbreakthroughtherapydesignationfortreatmentofnon-smallcelllungcancer(NSCLC),supportedbydatafromaphaseItrial.ClinicaltrialswithantiPD-1/PD-L1antibodiesinNSCLChavedemonstratedverygoodtolerabilityandactivity,withresponseratesaround20%andamediandurationofresponseof18months.

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简介：AbstractImmunotherapy has become the mainstay for lung cancer treatment, providing sustained therapeutic responses and improved prognosis compared with those obtained with surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy. It has the potential for anti-tumor treatment and killing tumor cells by activating human immunity and has moved the targets of anti-cancer therapy from malignant tumor cells to immune cell subsets. Two kinds of immune checkpoints, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), are the main targets of current immunotherapy in lung cancer. Despite the successful outcomes achieved by immune checkpoint inhibitors, a small portion of lung cancer patients remain unresponsive to checkpoint immunotherapy or may ultimately become resistant to these agents as a result of the complex immune modulatory network in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, it is imperative to exploit novel immunotherapy targets to further expand the proportion of patients benefiting from immunotherapy. This review summarizes the molecular features, biological function, and clinical significance of several novel checkpoints that have important roles in lung cancer immune responses beyond the CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 axes, including the markers of co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory T lymphocyte pathways and inhibitory markers of macrophages and natural killer cells.

简介：FromNovember1,2013,TranslationalLungCancerResearch(TLCR)isofficiallyendorsedbytheSpanishLungCancerGroup(Figure1).ThisisameaningfulmilestoneforTLCRasanacknowledgmentofitsexpansionanddedicationtolungcancerresearchandwilltremendouslyadvanceitscontinuedexplorationinthefield.SinceitwaslaunchedinMay2013,TLCRhasbeendedicatedtoprovidingcutting-edgefindingsintherapidly

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简介：AbstractLung cancer continues to be the leading cause of cancer-related death in the world, which is classically subgrouped into two major histological types: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (85% of patients) and small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) (15%). Tumor location has been reported to be associated with the prognosis of various solid tumors. Several types of cancer often occur in a specific region and are more prone to spread to predilection locations, including colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, gastric cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, bladder cancer, lung tumor, and so on. Besides, tumor location is also considered as a risk factor for lung neoplasm with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/emphysema. Additionally, the primary lung cancer location is associated with specific lymph node metastasis. And the recent analysis has shown that the primary location may affect metastasis pattern in metastatic NSCLC based on a large population. Numerous studies have enrolled the "location" factor in the risk model. Anatomy location and lobe-specific location are both important in prognosis. Therefore, it is important for us to clarify the characteristics about tumor location according to various definitions. However, the inconsistent definitions about tumor location among different articles are controversial. It is also a significant guidance in multimode therapy in the present time. In this review, we mainly aim to provide a new insight about tumor location, including anatomy, clinicopathology, and prognosis in patients with lung neoplasm.

简介：Immunotherapyhasbecomeakeystrategyforcancertreatment,andtwoimmunecheckpoints,namely,programmedcelldeath1(PD-1)anditsligand(PD-L1),haverecentlyemergedasimportanttargets.TheinteractionblockadeofPD-1andPD-L1demonstratedpromisingactivityandantitumorefficacyinearlyphaseclinicaltrialsforadvancedsolidtumorssuchasnon-smallcelllungcancer(NSCLC).ManycelltypesinmultipletissuesexpressPD-L1aswellasseveraltumortypes,therebysuggestingthattheligandmayplayimportantrolesininhibitingimmuneresponsesthroughoutthebody.Therefore,PD-L1isacriticalimmunomodulatingcomponentwithinthelungmicroenvironment,butthecorrelationbetweenPD-L1expressionandprognosisiscontroversial.MoreevidenceisrequiredtosupporttheuseofPD-L1asapotentialpredictivebiomarker.ClinicaltrialshavemeasuredPD-L1intumortissuesbyimmunohistochemistry(IHC)withdifferentantibodies,buttheassessmentofPD-L1isnotyetstandardized.Somecommercialantibodieslackspecificityandtheirreproducibilityhasnotbeenfullyevaluated.FurtherstudiesarerequiredtoclarifytheoptimalIHCassayaswellastopredictandmonitortheimmuneresponsesofthePD-1/PD-L1pathway.

简介：Lungcancerisacommonmalignanttumor,whichhasahighincidenceandmortalityrate.Therefore,itisnecessarytoseekanewmethodforthediagnosis,especiallytheearlydiagnosisoflungcancer.Thedevelopmentofmolecularbiologymakesthegenediagnosisoflungcancerpossible.PCR-SSCP...

简介：Objective:Variousnanoparticleshavebeendesignedandtestedinordertoselectoptimalcarriersfortheinhalationdeliveryofanticancerdrugstothelungs.Methods:Thefollowingnanocarrierswerestudied:micelles,liposomes,mesoporoussilicananoparticles(MSNs),polypropyleneimine(PPI)dendrimer-siRNAcomplexesnanoparticles,quantumdots(QDs),andpoly(ethyleneglycol)polymers.Allparticleswerecharacterizedusingthefollowingmethods:dynamiclightscattering,zetapotential,atomicforcemicroscopy,invitrocyto-andgenotoxicity.Invivoorgandistributionofallnanoparticles,retentioninthelungs,andanticancereffectsofliposomesloadedwithdoxorubicinwereexaminedinnudemiceafterthepulmonaryorintravenousdelivery.Results:Significantdifferencesinlunguptakewerefoundaftertheinhalationdeliveryoflipid-basedandnon-lipid-basednanoparticles.Theaccumulationofliposomesandmicellesinlungsremainedrelativelyhigheven24hafterinhalationwhencomparedwithMSNs,QDs,andPPIdendrimers.Therewerenotabledifferencesbetweennanoparticleaccumulationinthelungsandotherorgans1and3hafterinhalationorintravenousadministrations,but24hafterintravenousinjectionallnanoparticlesweremainlyaccumulatedintheliver,kidneys,andspleen.Inhalationdeliveryofdoxorubicinbyliposomessignificantlyenhanceditsanticancereffectandpreventedsevereadversesideeffectsofthetreatmentinmicebearingtheorthotopicmodeloflungcancer.Conclusion:Theresultsofthestudydemonstratethatlipid-basednanocarriershadconsiderablyhigheraccumulationandlongerretentiontimeinthelungswhencomparedwithnon-lipid-basedcarriersaftertheinhalationdelivery.Theseparticlesaremostsuitableforeffectiveinhalationtreatmentoflungcancer.

简介：AbstractBrain metastasis (BM) is the leading cause of mortality in lung cancer patients. The process of BM (from initial primary tumor development, migration and intravasation, dissemination and survival in the bloodstream, extravasation, to colonization and growth to metastases) is a complex process for which few tumor cells complete the entire process. Recent research on BM of lung cancer has recently stressed the essential role of tumor microenvironment (TME) in assisting tumor cells in the completion of each BM step. This review summarizes recent studies regarding the effects of TME on tumor cells in the entire process of BM derived from lung cancer. The identification of vulnerable targets in the TME and their prospects to provide novel therapeutic opportunities are also discussed.

简介：Objective:Toinvestigatetherelationshipbetweengenemutationandpathologicaltypeoflungcancer,inspectandverifytheconsistencybetweenhomologousgenesmutationinvariouspathologictype.Methods:CombinedwiththeCOSMICandUniProtdatabase,weobtainedthereportedoverallbig-samplemutationdataoflungcancerandtheproteinsequencesofthetop20mutatedgenes,respectively.Analyzethedataandclustertheproteinsequencesandthendeducethehomologousgene.Ultimately,analyzethemutationsofdifferentpathologicaltypesofhomologousgenes.Results:TP53(32.32%)hasthehighestmutationrateinlungcancer,followedbyEGFR(29.12%).Thecopynumbervariability(CNV)ofgenes:KRAS,LRP1B,CDKN2A,KMT2C,FAT1,PIK3CA,RB1,ERBB4,GRIN2AandKDRbetweeneachpathologicaltypeisstaticallysignificant(P<0.05).ThegenedifferentialexpressionratebetweenadenocarcinomaandsquamouscarcinomaofgeneTP53,KRAS,LRP1B,CDKN2A,STK11,FAT4,KMT2D,NFE2L2,KEAP1,PIK3CA,RB1,ERBB4,SMARCA4andKDRarestatisticallysignificant(P<0.05).ThesimilarityoftheproteinsequenceofEGFRandERBB4canreach93%,andFAT4andFAT1are81%.Forsmallcellcarcinoma,there’snodifferenceinCNVbetweenthetwogroupsofhomologousgenes,andnodifferencebetweenFAT4andFAT1inadenocarcinoma.Conclusion:TheCNVandgeneexpressionoflungcancer-associatedgenesarerelevanttopathologictypes.GFRandERBB4arehomologous,FAT4andFAT1arealsoamongthetop20mutationgenes.Additionally,there’snodifferenceinCNVbetweenthetwogroupsofsmallcellcarcinoma,whichisthesamebetweenFAT4andFAT1inadenocarcinoma.

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简介：Objective:ToanalyzetheincidenceandmortalityratesoflungcancerinChinafrom2008to2012.Methods:IncidentanddeathcasesoflungcancerwereretrievedfromtheNationalCentralCancerRegistry(NCCR)databasecollectingfrom135cancerregistriesinChinaduring2008-2012.Thecrudeincidenceandmortalityratesoflungcancerwerecalculatedbyarea(urban/rural),region(eastern,middle,western),genderandagegroup(0,1-4,5-9,…,85+).Chinacensusin2000andSegi’sworldpopulationwereappliedforagestandardizedrates.JoinPoint(Version4.5.0.1)modelwasusedfortimetrendanalysis.Results:Thecrudeincidencerateoflungcancerwas54.66/100,000whichrankedthefirstinoverallcancers.Theage-standardizedincidenceratesbyChinapopulation(ASIRC)andbyWorldpopulation(ASIRW)were35.13/100,000and34.86/100,000,respectively.ThecrudemortalityoflungcancerinChinawas45.60/100,000anditwasthefirstcauseofcancer-relateddeathinoverallcancers.Theage-standardizedmortalityratesbyChinesestandardpopulation(ASMRC)andbyworldstandardpopulation(ASMRW)were28.57/100,000and28.22/100,000,respectively.Incidenceandmortalityratesoflungcancerwerehigherinmalesthaninfemalesandhigherinurbanareasthaninruralareas.Easternareashadthehighestincidenceandmortalityratesfollowedbymiddleandwesternareas.Incidenceandmortalityratesoflungcancerretainedlowlevelinagegroupsbefore40yearsoldbutincreasedgreatlyafterandpeakedinagegroupof80-84.During2003-2012,thetemporaltrendoftheincidencerateoflungcancerinbothsexesinChinawasgeneralstable(P<0.05).Thelungcancerincidencerateincreasedby0.71%peryearinfemales(P<0.05)and2.26%peryearinruralareas(P<0.05).Themortalityrateoflungcancerdecreasedslightlyannuallyduring2003-2012inChina(P>0.05).Inurbanareas,itdeclinedby0.76%peryear(P<0.05),butroseby2.09%peryear(P<0.05)inruralareas.Conclusions:Appropriatetargetedprevention,earlydetectionandtreatment

简介：TheincidenceoflungcancerintheGejiuareaofYunnanProvinceranksthefirstintheworld.Theradonlevel(indoor,soil)wasmeasuredintheGejiuareabytheSSNTDmethodfrom1990to1996,Theresultindicatesanextensivehigh-levelofindoorradoninthatareathoughUandTharelowerinlocallimestones,Theindoorradonlevelofhouseslocatedinthegeologicfaultzoneis6timeshighthat2kmfarfromthefaultzone.Thereasonprobablyisthattheradonlevelofsoilinthefaultis6-8timeshighthat1kmfarfromthefaults.ourdataindicatethatalowerrangeofradonlevels,0-100Bq.m^-3,existsinhealthyfamilies.However,ahigherradonlevel,over800Bq.m^-3,isoftenfoundcorrespondingtothatofcancerpatients'homes(thehouse-ownersaresufferingfromeitherlungcancerorleukaemiaorlivercancer),Obviously,anincreaseinlungcancerincidencefollowsanincreaseinindoorradonlevel,Theriskofcancerinducedbyindoorradonisnolongeraninference,butafact.

简介：AbstractBackground:Non-smokers account for a large proportion of lung cancer patients, especially in Asia, but the attention paid to them is limited compared with smokers. In non-smokers, males display a risk for lung cancer incidence distinct from the females—even after excluding the influence of smoking; but the knowledge regarding the factors causing the difference is sparse. Based on a large multicenter prospective cancer screening cohort in China, we aimed to elucidate the interpretable sex differences caused by known factors and provide clues for primary and secondary prevention.Methods:Risk factors including demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, family history of cancer, and baseline comorbidity were obtained from 796,283 Chinese non-smoking participants by the baseline risk assessment completed in 2013 to 2018. Cox regression analysis was performed to assess the sex difference in the risk of lung cancer, and the hazard ratios (HRs) that were adjusted for different known factors were calculated and compared to determine the proportion of excess risk and to explain the existing risk factors.Results:With a median follow-up of 4.80 years, 3351 subjects who were diagnosed with lung cancer were selected in the analysis. The lung cancer risk of males was significantly higher than that of females; the HRs in all male non-smokers were 1.29 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20-1.38) after adjusting for the age and 1.38 (95% CI: 1.28-1.50) after adjusting for all factors, which suggested that known factors could not explain the sex difference in the risk of lung cancer in non-smokers. Known factors were 7% (|1.29-1.38|/1.29) more harmful in women than in men. For adenocarcinoma, women showed excess risk higher than men, contrary to squamous cell carcinoma; after adjusting for all factors, 47% ([1.30-1.16]/[1.30-1]) and 4% ([7.02-6.75]/[7.02-1])) of the excess risk was explainable in adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. The main causes of gender differences in lung cancer risk were lifestyle factors, baseline comorbidity, and family history.Conclusions:Significant gender differences in the risk of lung cancer were discovered in China non-smokers. Existing risk factors did not explain the excess lung cancer risk of all non-smoking men, and the internal causes for the excess risk still need to be explored; most known risk factors were more harmful to non-smoking women; further exploring the causes of the sex difference would help to improve the prevention and screening programs and protect the non-smoking males from lung cancers.

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简介：AbstractBackground:According to the Independent High-level Commission on Non-communicable Diseases (NCD) of the World Health Organization (WHO), global reduction in lung cancer mortality has been achieved since the year 2000, although this effect is not sufficient to reach the 30% reduction of mortality from NCDs by the year 2030, as stipulated by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.4. The objective of this study was to analyze whether the lifestyle changes implemented by the WHO at country level could have an impact on mortality from this form of cancer.Methods:WHO statistics, based on the unified mortality and causes-of-death reports of Member-State countries, were used to evaluate global lung cancer mortality trends and make comparisons and assessments of different types of community-based, country-wide interventions.Results:The lung cancer mortality decline was associated with the anti-tobacco campaign initiated by the WHO in the last 15 to 20 years. Comprehensive tobacco control remained the major and most successful lifestyle modification measure. In countries with declining lung cancer mortality, 91% of countries had decreasing tobacco prevalence in males and 82% in females. Country-wide measures to increase physical activity had a strong tendency to be better implemented in countries with declining lung cancer mortality (t = 1.79, P > 0.05). Other WHO "best-buy" lifestyle modification campaigns (diet and alcohol) had been carried out for shorter periods, and their associations with lung cancer were less strong than tobacco. There was no significant difference between countries with declining and increasing lung cancer mortality in the measures for reduction of harmful alcohol use (t= 0.92, P > 0.05) and unhealthy diet reduction measures (t= 0.84, P > 0.05).Conclusion:Following WHO "best-buys" should facilitate to move countries towards the NCD including lung cancer mortality reduction targets. Governments and communities must embrace these targets with coordinated effective action for better health.

简介：观察aerosolized组A的吸入的功效的目的链状球菌(气体)在在老鼠治疗orthotopic肺癌症的准备当模特儿并且为肺癌症估计这个管理模式的可行性，安全，和有效性。方法路易斯肺癌(LLC)房间紧张经由intrathoracic注射被管理建立orthotopic肺癌症老鼠模型。在忍受肿瘤的模型成功地被建立，由计算断层摄影术证实了以后，老鼠被吸入与aerosolized气体准备(煤气的组)或aerosolized正常管理盐(控制组)。aerosolized气体准备的反肿瘤效果组织学地被评估；同时，生活的幸存和质量在这二个组之间被比较。aerosolized气体准备显著地显示出的结果反肿瘤效果，在忍受肿瘤的老鼠引起orthotopic肺癌症房间的坏死。而且，在煤气的组的鼠标在控制组比那些有生活和更长的幸存的显著地更好的质量。aerosolized气体准备的吸入可以是肺癌症的一个可行、安全、有效的解决方案的结论。

简介：Gastrointestinalmetastasisfromprimarylungcancerisrare.Inthepresentstudy,wereportthecaseofa78-year-oldmalewhowasadmittedtotheemergencydepartmentwithacutebleedingofthedigestivetract.Duringevaluation,hewasfoundtohavelungadenocarcinomametastasisinthesmallbowelleadingtohemorrhage.Ajejunumwedgeresectionwascarriedoutandbleedingwascontrolled.However,2monthsaftertheoperation,thepatientthedfromseverepulmonaryinfection.Wealsoreviewthepublishedliteratureofprimarylungcancerwithgastrointestinalmetastasis.

简介：AbstractLung cancer is a malignant tumor characterized by a rapid proliferation rate, less survivability, high mortality, and metastatic potential. This review focuses on updated research about the clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as an adjuvant therapy to lung cancer treatment and the mechanisms of TCM effect on lung cancer in vitro and in vivo. We summarized the recent 5 years of different research progress on clinical applications and antitumor mechanisms of TCM in the treatment of lung cancer. As a potent adjuvant therapy, TCM could enhance conventional treatments (chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and epidermal growth factor receptors [EGFRs] tyrosine kinase inhibitors [TKIs]) effects as well as provide synergistic effects, enhance chemotherapy drugs chemosensitivity, reverse drug resistance, reduce adverse reactions and toxicity, relieve patients’ pain and improve quality of life (QOL). After treating with TCM, lung cancer cells will induce apoptosis and/or autophagy, suppress metastasis, impact immune reaction, and therapeutic effect of EGFR-TKIs. Therefore, TCM is a promisingly potent adjuvant therapy in the treatment of lung cancer and its multiple mechanisms are worthy of an in-depth study.