简介：AIM:Toevaluatethelongtermclinicalresultsofmechanicalno-alcohol-assistedlaserepithelialkeratomileusis(LASEK)versusstandardphotorefractivekeratectomy(PRK)forlow-moderatemyopia.METHODS:Twenty-fiveeyestreatedwithLASEKandtwenty-fiveeyestreatedwithPRKwereevaluatedwithameanfollow-updurationof60mo.Mechanicalseparationoftheepitheliumwasperformedwithbluntspatulaandwithoutapplicationofalcohol.LaserablationwasperformedwiththeMEL-70excimerlaser.Allpatientswereexamineddailyuntilepithelialclosure;at1,3,6,and12mo,andeveryyearsubsequently.Mainoutcomemeasureswereuncorrecteddistancevisualacuity(UDVA),correcteddistancevisualacuity(CDVA),manifestrefraction,haze,efficacyandsafetyindexes.RESULTS:Twenty-oneeyesand22eyescompletedfollow-upof60moinLASEKandPRKgrouprespectively.Manifestrefractionat60mofollow-upwas-0.01and0.26inLASEKandPRKgrouprespectively.IntheLASEKgroupmeanUDVAandmeanCDVAafter60mowere20/22and20/20respectively(P>0.01).InthePRKgroupmeanUDVAandmeanCDVAat60mofollow-upwere20/20and20/20after60mo(P>0.01).Theefficacyindexeswere0.87and0.95,andthesafetyindexeswere1.25and1.4respectivelyforLASEKgroupandPRKgroup.CONCLUSION:BothstandardPRKandno-alcoholLASEKoffersafeandeffectivecorrectionoflow-moderatemyopiainthelongtermwithoutanystatisticallysignificantdifferencebetweenthetwogroups.

简介：Superficialnon-ampullaryduodenalepithelialtumor(SNADET)isdefinedasasporadictumorthatisconfinedtothemucosaorsubmucosathatdoesnotarisefromVater’spapilla,anditincludesadenomaandadenocarcinoma.Recentdevelopmentsinendoscopictechnology,suchashigh-resolutionendoscopyandimage-enhancedendoscopy,mayincreasethechancesofdetectingSNADETlesions.However,becauseSNADETisrare,littleisknownaboutitspreoperativeendoscopicdiagnosis.TheuseofendoscopicresectionforSNADET,whichhasnoriskofmetastasis,isincreasing,buttheincidenceofcomplications,suchasperforation,issignificantlyhigherthaninanyotherpartofthedigestivetract.Apreoperativediagnosisisrequiredtodistinguishbetweenlesionsthatshouldbefollowedupandthosethatrequiretreatment.Retrospectivestudieshaverevealedcertainendoscopicfindingsthatsuggestmalignancy.Inrecentyears,severalnewimagingmodalitieshavebeendevelopedandexploredforrealtimediagnosisoftheselesiontypes.EstablishinganendoscopicdiagnostictooltodifferentiatebetweenadenomaandadenocarcinomainSNADETlesionsisrequiredtoselectthemostappropriatetreatment.ThisreviewdescribesthecurrentstateofknowledgeaboutpreoperativeendoscopicdiagnosisofSNADETs,suchasduodenaladenomaandduodenaladenocarcinoma.Newerendoscopictechniques,includingmagnifyingendoscopy,mayhelptoguidethesediagnostics,buttheiradditionaladvantagesremainunclear,andfurtherstudiesarerequiredtoclarifytheseissues.

简介：·AIM:ToexploretheimmunomodulatoryeffectsofcurdlanoninnateimmuneresponsesagainstAspergillusfumigatus(A.fumigatus)inculturedhumancornealepithelialcells(HCECs),andwhetherC-typelectinreceptorDectin-1mediatestheimmunomodulatoryeffectsofcurdlan.·METHODS:TheHCECswerestimulatedbycurdlanindifferentconcentrations(50,100,200,400μg/mL)forvarioustime.ThenHCECspretreatedwithorwithoutlaminarin(Dectin-1blocker,0.3mg/mL)andcurdlanwerestimulatedbyA.fumigatushyphae.ThemRNAandproteinproductionoftumornecrosisfactor-α(TNF-α)andinterleukin-6(IL-6)weredeterminedbyreal-timequantitativepolymerasechainreactionandenzyme-linkedimmunosorbentassay,respectively.TheproteinlevelofDectin-1wasmeasuredbyWesternblot.·RESULTS:CurdlanstimulatedmRNAexpressionofTNF-αandIL-6inadoseandtimedependentmannerinHCECs.CurdlanpretreatmentbeforeA.fumigatushyphaestimulationsignificantlyenhancedtheexpressionofTNF-αandIL-6atmRNAandproteinlevelscomparedwithA.fumigatushyphaestimulationgroup(P<0.05).BothcurdlanandA.fumigatushyphaeup-regulatedDectin-1proteinexpressioninHCECs,andDectin-1expressionwaselevatedto1.5-to2-foldbycurdlanpretreatmentfollowedhyphaestimulation.TheDectin-1blockerlaminarinsuppressedthemRNAexpressionandproteinproductionofTNF-αandIL-6inducedbycurdlanandhyphae(P<0.05).·CONCLUSION:ThesefindingsdemonstratedthatcurdlanpretreatmentenhancedtheinflammatoryresponseinducedbyA.fumigatushyphaeinHCECs.Dectin-1isessentialfortheimmunomodulatoryeffectsofcurdlan.Curdlanmayhavehighclinicalapplicationvaluesinfungalkeratitistreatment.