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简介：AbstractAs an innovative in vitro culture model, organoids have been established by cell sorting and subsequent culture in three-dimensional culture systems. Organoids can be derived from induced pluripotent stem cells or organ-restricted adult stem cells. Compared with traditional two-dimensional cell culture models and patient-derived xenograft models, organoids possess long-term genetic stability and can better retain the characteristics of source tissues or organs. These advantages have led to the increased use of ovarian and fallopian tube organoids in various fields of research, including cell differentiation and development, establishment of disease occurrence and progression models, tissue regeneration and reconstruction, individual drug screening, immune cell co-culture, and maternal-fetal medicine. This review briefly summarizes the recent progress in the application of ovarian and fallopian tube organoids in the field of obstetrics and gynecology.

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简介：AbstractPurpose:Traumatic brain injury (TBI) generally causes mortality and disability, particularly in children. Machine learning (ML) is a computer algorithm, applied as a clinical prediction tool. The present study aims to assess the predictability of ML for the functional outcomes of pediatric TBI.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was performed targeting children with TBI who were admitted to the trauma center of southern Thailand between January 2009 and July 2020. The patient was excluded if he/she (1) did not undergo a CT scan of the brain, (2) died within the first 24 h, (3) had unavailable complete medical records during admission, or (4) was unable to provide updated outcomes. Clinical and radiologic characteristics were collected such as vital signs, Glasgow coma scale score, and characteristics of intracranial injuries. The functional outcome was assessed using the King's Outcome Scale for Childhood Head Injury, which was thus dichotomized into favourable outcomes and unfavourable outcomes: good recovery and moderate disability were categorized as the former, whereas death, vegetative state, and severe disability were categorized as the latter. The prognostic factors were estimated using traditional binary logistic regression. By data splitting, 70% of data were used for training the ML models and the remaining 30% were used for testing the ML models. The supervised algorithms including support vector machines, neural networks, random forest, logistic regression, naive Bayes and k-nearest neighbor were performed for training of the ML models. Therefore, the ML models were tested for the predictive performances by the testing datasets.Results:There were 828 patients in the cohort. The median age was 72 months (interquartile range 104.7 months, range 2-179 months). Road traffic accident was the most common mechanism of injury, accounting for 68.7%. At hospital discharge, favourable outcomes were achieved in 97.0% of patients, while the mortality rate was 2.2%. Glasgow coma scale score, hypotension, pupillary light reflex, and subarachnoid haemorrhage were associated with TBI outcomes following traditional binary logistic regression; hence, the 4 prognostic factors were used for building ML models and testing performance. The support vector machine model had the best performance for predicting pediatric TBI outcomes: sensitivity 0.95, specificity 0.60, positive predicted value 0.99, negative predictive value 1.0; accuracy 0.94, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.78.Conclusion:The ML algorithms of the present study have a high sensitivity; therefore they have the potential to be screening tools for predicting functional outcomes and counselling prognosis in general practice of pediatric TBIs.

简介：AbstractPurpose:This study aimed at exploring the application of trauma time axis management in the treatment of severe trauma patients by using the Medicalsystem trauma system.Methods:We performed a retrospective cohort study involving patients with severe trauma. Patients who were admitted before the application of the Medicalsystem trauma system were divided into before system group; patients who were admitted after the application of the system were divided into after system group. Comparison was made between the two groups. For normally distributed data, means were reported along with standard deviation, and comparisons were made using the independent samples t test. Categorical data were compared using the Chi-square test. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare nonparametric variables.Results:There were 528 patients admitted to the study during the study period. There was no significant statistical difference in the time from the start of trauma team to arrive at the resuscitation room between the two groups. The time from arrival at hospital to endotracheal intubation, to ventilator therapy, to blood transfusion, to completion of CT scan, to completion of closed thoracic drainage, to the start of operation, as well as the length of stay in resuscitation room and hospital were significantly lower after the application of the Medicalsystem trauma system. The mortality was decreased by 8.6% in the after system group compared with that in the before system group, but there was no statistical difference.Conclusion:The Medicalsystem trauma system can optimize diagnosis and treatment process for trauma patients, and accordingly improve the treatment efficiency and shorten the treatment time. Therefore, the Medicalsystem trauma system deserves further popularization and promotion.

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简介：AbstractDrug resistance via drug-resistant mutations in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genome is the primary cause of antiviral therapy failure. Consequently, HIV drug resistance genotyping has become a critical approach in HIV prevention and control. Compared to the Sanger sequencing technology, high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technology has superior sensitivity and timeliness, with strong detection capabilities for low-frequency mutations. With the continued advancement of HTS technologies, their prominence in HIV drug resistance detection techniques has increased accordingly. This article will review the latest developments in HTS technology and its applications in HIV drug resistance testing.

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简介：AbstractCurrently, the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) is mainly based on the comprehensive consideration of the patient's symptoms and signs, laboratory examinations and chest radiography (CXR). CXR plays a pivotal role to support the early diagnosis of TB, especially when used for TB screening and differential diagnosis. However, high cost of CXR hardware and shortage of certified radiologists poses a major challenge for CXR application in TB screening in resource limited settings. The latest development of artificial intelligence (AI) combined with the accumulation of a large number of medical images provides new opportunities for the establishment of computer-aided detection (CAD) systems in the medical applications, especially in the era of deep learning (DL) technology. Several CAD solutions are now commercially available and there is growing evidence demonstrate their value in imaging diagnosis. Recently, WHO published a rapid communication which stated that CAD may be used as an alternative to human reader interpretation of plain digital CXRs for screening and triage of TB.

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简介：AbstractChemotherapy is often used for female malignancies, but it can increase the risk of premature ovarian failure in women of reproductive age through different mechanisms. Therefore, how to protect ovarian function and preserve fertility has attracted great attention of oncologists and gynecologists. Recently, umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) have been extensively studied in the field of regenerative medicine. Compared with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from other sources, UCMSCs have a broader application potential due to their properties of lower immunogenicity, fewer ethical issues, and non-invasive collection. Paracrine is one of the most important therapeutic mechanisms of UCMSCs, which can exert anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrosis, anti-oxidative stress, immune regulation, and other therapeutic effects. Studies in animal models have shown that UCMSCs can restore ovarian function after chemotherapy injury. However, most of the relevant researches are still in the preclinical stage. In this article, the mechanism of chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure will be overviewed, and the clinical application potential of UCMSCs in chemotherapeutic ovarian injury will be discussed.

简介：AbstractThe common cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) neuroimaging features visible on conventional structural magnetic resonance imaging include recent small subcortical infarcts, lacunes, white matter hyperintensities, perivascular spaces, microbleeds, and brain atrophy. The CSVD neuroimaging features have shared and distinct clinical consequences, and the automatic quantification methods for these features are increasingly used in research and clinical settings. This review article explores the recent progress in CSVD neuroimaging feature quantification and provides an overview of the clinical consequences of these CSVD features as well as the possibilities of using these features as endpoints in clinical trials. The added value of CSVD neuroimaging quantification is also discussed for researches focused on the mechanism of CSVD and the prognosis in subjects with CSVD.

简介：AbstractSingle-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the third generation of genetic markers, having been refined from the first generation of restriction fragment length polymorphisms and the second generation of microsatellite polymorphisms. SNPs represent a focal point of current studies of Staphylococcus aureus. On one hand, this review aims to summarize common methodologies for detecting SNPs. These methods have typically included DNA genome sequencing methods and PCR-based detection methods. Alternative methods, such as mass spectrometry, denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography, SNaPshot, and SNP array have also been employed for SNP analysis. On the other hand, we enumerate a series of applications of SNP analysis in investigations of Staphylococcus aureus. SNP analysis can be applied to investigate epidemiological outbreaks and transmission of Staphylococcus aureus infections, the transmission and evolution of antimicrobial resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates, interactions of Staphylococcus aureus with other bacteria, and the links between Staphylococcus aureus in humans and livestock.