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简介:Theintroductionoftheconceptofcitizenshipmakesitanecessaryconcepttoworkonanintegratednationalunityinlightofthechallengeswearegoingthrough,andmakecitizenshipanideaasaformofnationalcohesioninrepellingthemanyattacks.Thecitizenisthefirstgoalasitisconcernedwithnationalachievement,becauseitsabsencefromthecitizenisunderstandableandbehavioralistheabsenceofnationalunity.Inaddition,citizenshipisamajorfocusofmoderndemocratictheoryandpractice.Itisthebasisforthepromotionofdemocracy.Intheabsenceofcitizenship,democracyleadstoethnic,sectarian,andreligiousoutcomes,whicharebasedonthepublicinterestandtheresultingpoliticalandsocialdivisionandinstability.Itisimpossibletotalkaboutcitizenshipinthe21stcentury,inisolationfromcivilsocietyandthemodernnationalstate,thestateoflawandinstitutions,asanecessaryintroductiontothedemocraticstate.Citizenshipisitsbasicfoundation:Equalityandfreedomarewhatmakedemocracyacommunicationsystemopentoahumanhorizonasmuchasitisopentogrowthandprogress.Theconceptofa“globalcitizen”isstillemerging.Inthepoliticalanddiplomaticlanguage,peoplearestilltalkingabout“statenationals”andthe“stateofcare”thatcarefortheinterestsoftheircitizensanddefendtheirrightsnotonlyintheirterritorybutalsowherevertheyare,throughtheirembassiesandconsulates.
简介:Thesurfaceglycoproteinhemagglutinin(HA)helpstheinfluenzaAvirustoevadethehostimmunesystembyantigenicvariationandisamajordrivingforceforviralevolution.Inthisstudy,theselectionpressureonHAofH5N1influenzaAviruswasanalyzedusingbioinformaticsalgorithms.Mostoftheidentifiedpositiveselection(PS)siteswerefoundtobewithinoradjacenttoepitopesites.SomeoftheidentifiedPSsitesareconsistentwithpreviousexperimentalstudies,providingfurthersupporttothebiologicalsignificanceofourfindings.ThehighestfrequencyofPSsiteswasobservedinrecentstrainsisolatedduring2005–2007.PhylogeneticanalysiswasalsoconductedonHAsequencesfromvarioushosts.Viraldriftisalmostsimilarinbothavianandhumanspecieswithaprogressivetrendovertheyears.OurstudyreportsnewmutationsinfunctionalregionsofHAthatmightprovidemarkersforvaccinedesignorcanbeusedtopredictisolatesofpandemicpotential.
简介:<正>Canadaisafederalcountrywithafederalgovernment,butaccordingtotheConstitutionAct,1867,"inandforeachProvincetheLegislaturemayexclusivelymakeLawsinrelationtoEducation".Educationisundertheexclusivejurisdictionofprovincialgovernments.Thereisnofederalministryofeducation,butthereisaCouncilofMinistersofEducationtoofferprovincialministriesanddepartmentsofeducationtheopportunitytoworktogether.Ineachprovincethereisaministryorde-