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简介：AbstractBackground:The End Tuberculosis (TB) Strategy of the World Health Organization highlights the need for patient-centered care and social protection measures that alleviate the financial hardships faced by many TB patients. In China, TB treatments are paid for by earmarked government funds, social health insurance, medical assistance for the poor, and out-of-pocket payments from patients. As part of Phase III of the China-Gates TB project, this paper introduces multi-source financing of TB treatment in the three provinces of China and analyzes the challenges of moving towards universal coverage and its implications of multi-sectoral engagement for TB care.Main text:The new financing policies for TB treatment in the three provinces include increased reimbursement for TB outpatient care, linkage of TB treatment with local poverty alleviation programs, and use of local government funds to cover some costs to reduce out-of-pocket expenses. However, there are several challenges in reducing the financial burdens faced by TB patients. First, medical costs must be contained by reducing the profit-maximizing behaviors of hospitals. Second, treatment for TB and multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) is only available at county hospitals and city or provincial hospitals, respectively, and these hospitals have low reimbursement rates and high co-payments. Third, many patients with TB and MDR-TB are at the edge of poverty, and therefore ineligible for medical assistance, which targets extremely poor individuals. In addition, the local governments of less developed provinces often face fiscal difficulties, making it challenging to use of local government funds to provide financial support for TB patients. We suggest that stakeholders at multiple sectors should engage in transparent and responsive communications, coordinate policy developments, and integrate resources to improve the integration of social protection schemes.Conclusions:The Chinese government is examining the establishment of multi-source financing for TB treatment by mobilization of funds from the government and social protection schemes. These efforts require strengthening the cooperation of multiple sectors and improving the accountability of different government agencies. All key stakeholders must take concrete actions in the near future to assure significant progress toward the goal of alleviating the financial burden faced by TB and MDR-TB patients.

简介：AbstractBackground:The global prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is multifaceted, and the underlying mechanisms are elusive. We conducted data mining analysis to gain a better insight into the disease and to identify the hub genes associated with the progression of NAFLD.Methods:The dataset GSE49541, containing the profile of 40 samples representing mild stages of NAFLD and 32 samples representing advanced stages of NAFLD, was acquired from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using the R programming language. The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) online tool and Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) database were used to perform the enrichment analysis and construct protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, respectively. Subsequently, transcription factor networks and key modules were identified. The hub genes were validated in a mice model of high fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD and in cultured HepG2 cells by real-time quantitative PCR.Results:Based on the GSE49541 dataset, 57 DEGs were selected and enriched in chemokine activity and cellular component, including the extracellular region. Twelve transcription factors associated with DEGs were indicated from PPI analysis. Upregulated expression of five hub genes (SOX9, CCL20, CXCL1, CD24, and CHST4), which were identified from the dataset, was also observed in the livers of HFD-induced NAFLD mice and in HepG2 cells exposed to palmitic acid or advanced glycation end products.Conclusion:The hub genes SOX9, CCL20, CXCL1, CD24, and CHST4 are involved in the aggravation of NAFLD. Our results offer new insights into the underlying mechanism of NAFLD progression.

简介：【内容摘要】：没有对话就没有真正的课堂，没有交流就不能激发探究的灵光，多一份对话，就多一份理解；多一份交流，就多一份效益。

简介：摘 要：通过对某换流站内一起500kV交流断路器储能电机电源异常导致断路器分闸后无法正常储能的事件分析，发现某换流站内存在500kV交流断路器储能电机电源回路故障后无有效监控手段的潜在风险。针对存在的风险，本文提出了改进措施，可有效监视交流断路器储能电机电源回路运行情况，出现异常后能有效提醒运行人员及时检查处理。

简介：摘要：阐述了特高压变电设备风险评估管理的主要工作内容、流程框架及基本方法。特高压变电设备的定量风险评估管理变被动为主动，大大提高了特高压变电设备风险类型的辨识度，有利于将特高压变电设备风险水平控制在规定水平之内，帮助决策层正确决策。

简介：摘 要：通过对某换流站内一起500kV交流断路器储能电机电源异常导致断路器分闸后无法正常储能的事件分析，发现某换流站内存在500kV交流断路器储能电机电源回路故障后无有效监控手段的潜在风险。针对存在的风险，本文提出了改进措施，可有效监视交流断路器储能电机电源回路运行情况，出现异常后能有效提醒运行人员及时检查处理。

简介：【摘要】教育是一个国家的百年大计，是一个国家的基石，它是一个国家强大

简介：AbstractObjective:This survey was designed to understand the misconceptions about labor epidurals.Methods:This voluntary and anonymous online survey on wenjuan.com was conducted from September 1st, 2015 to January 1st, 2016 via mainly WeChat groups dedicated to perinatal healthcare providers in China. The questionnaire included items inquiring the knowledge and opinions about labor epidural analgesia related to maternal complications, baby safety, and effect on laboring. Incomplete surveys were excluded from the data analysis. The data was presented as percentages and a Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test, as appreciate, was used to quantitatively compare the results.Results:A total of 1412 respondents completed surveys with 42.9% (606/1412) of them being anesthesiologists, 35.1% (495/1412) being obstetricians, 11.8% (167/1412) being midwives, 3.7% (52/1412) being labor and delivery nurses, and 6.5% (92/1412) being hospital administrators and unspecified. The study revealed a lack of knowledge in labor pain control. Although 82.4% (1164/1412) of respondents were familiar with labor epidural analgesia, 8.9% (126/1412) did not know how it works, and 1.1% (15/1412) never heard it in a multiple-choice question. The three main groups (anesthesiologists, obstetricians, and midwives/labor and delivery nurses) were chosen for comparisons. Opinions among these three groups concerning five questions in the three main concerns were evaluated using a statistical significance of P<0.05.Conclusion:The results in our survey indicated an urgent need of continuing medical education to multidisciplinary specialties to improve evidence-based medical practices as these misconceptions have existed for over 10 years in the medical professionals. Lack of public awareness fueled by misconceptions related to labor epidural analgesia may be associated with a lack of professional knowledge. Correct knowledge in professionals needs to be disseminated to the public in order to dispel possible misconceptions and rumors about labor epidural analgesia. This would not only enhance patient understanding of their care but also improve maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes.

简介：摘要：作为人文交流的重要组成部分，文化和旅游交流与合作不仅是互鉴文明、播种友谊的重要桥梁，民心相通的主要媒介，而且是促进人文交流与合作，助力“一带一路”沿线国家地区深度融入“一带一路”发展大格局的有效路径。文化旅游产业的天然亲民性、融合性与人文交流基地的建设息息相关。本文拟从分析文化旅游产业对建设“一带一路”人文交流基地的意义入手，通过分析陕西与“一带一路”沿线国家地区文化旅游交流合作的现状，提出充分发挥本土文化旅游资源优势，助力陕西加快建设“一带一路”重要人文交流基地的对策建议。

简介：【内容摘要】 交流，作为实现人际沟通、建立良好人际关系的重要而有效手段，在学校教育中为教师广泛应用。然而，怎样实现师生间的有效交流，为教书育人提供借鉴，是广大教师迫切需要解决的问题。作为教师深知师生之间有效交流的重要性，可以说，它是提高教育教学质量的重要条件之一。所谓有效交流，即通过师生之间一系列互动活动，使师生间心理上互相接受、理解、容纳，进而互相信任、互相尊重。多年的语文教学经历，让我明白一个真理：师生间的有效交流是打开学生心灵天窗的钥匙。

简介：摘要：变频驱动技术具有节能降耗、安全可靠、设计简单等优点，广泛用于电机的驱动控制中。本文详细的介绍了变频技术的工作原理、系统结构等，并深入的探讨了变频驱动技术在电机控制中的应用。针对变频驱动控制系统与电机最佳匹配问题，提出从驱动电源和电机本身的结构出发，解决变频器输出电压含有高次谐波的问题。

简介：摘要：随着中国不断的“走出去”，世界上越来越多的国家的人对汉语学习产生了兴趣，波兰的汉语教学组织开始不断增多，本文就波兰汉语教学情况做了阐述和总结。

简介：摘要：指向高阶思维的数学深度交流，需要遵循学生的认知特点和规律创设交流情境，让学生经历由显到隐、由浅入深、由表及里的思维过程，能运用多种可视化手段在双边或多边交互活动中交换彼此的思维成果，在求同存异中达成共识，养成有序思考的思维品质，构建和完善知识体系。数学活动能否沿着深度交流的方向开展，能否发展学生的高阶思维能力，取决于个体是否掌握具体可行的交流方法，是否具备数学交流能力。鉴于此，文章结合笔者多年工作经验，对小学数学深度交流的策略探究提出了一些建议，仅供参考。

简介：摘要：中班幼儿阶段，是学生语言启蒙教学阶段，是学生学习其他学科和进入中班幼儿阶段学习的语言能力培养的基础阶段。新课标和教学改革的不断推行，对幼儿教学提出更高要求。幼儿教师不仅需要完成书本简单知识的输出，还需要帮助学生完成科学地输入，进而将书本简单知识应用到日常生活的不同情境中。沟通表达能力是日常生活的必备技能，也是一个健全社会人的基本技能。中班幼儿教学需要围绕培养学生沟通表达能力，即口语交流能力展开，在一切教学实践中不断提高学生的口语交流能力。

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简介：摘要：新时代背景下，小学语文阅读教学中，教师必须充分发挥学生主体作用，采用交流分享式阅读教学，能够加强师生之间、生生之间的联系，还能够调动小学生阅读学习的积极性，能够在课堂中营造和谐的氛围，引导学生在交流分享中加深对阅读文本的理解，提升学生语文阅读能力。本文首先对小学语文阅读交流分享模式实施原则进行分析，然后提出有效的交流分享阅读教学模式。

简介：摘要：探究是小学科学的主要学习方式。表达与交流是科学探究活动中不可或缺的重要环节。如何提高小学科学课堂交流的有效性，教师要有效整合电子白板与传统交流模式的交流研讨习惯，让学生乐于交流、多元交流。