简介：AIM:Toevaluatewhetherglaucomatousvisualfielddefectparticularlythepatternstandarddeviation(PSD)ofHumphreyvisualfieldcouldbeassociatedwithvisualevokedpotential(VEP)parametersofpatientshavingprimaryopenangleglaucoma(POAG).METHODS:VisualfieldbyHumphreyperimetryandsimultaneousrecordingsofpatternreversalvisualevokedpotential(PRVEP)wereassessedin100patientswithPOAG.ThestimulusconfigurationforVEPrecordingsconsistedofthetransientpatternreversalmethodinwhichablackandwhitecheckerboardpatternwasgenerated(fullfield)anddisplayedonVEPmonitor(colour14')byanelectronicpatternregeneratorinbuiltinanevokedpotentialrecorder(RMSEMGEPMARKII).RESULTS:Theresultsofourstudyindicatethatthereisahighlysignificant(P<0.001)negativecorrelationofP100amplitudeandastatisticallysignificant(P<0.05)positivecorrelationofN70latency,P100latencyandN155latencywiththePSDofHumphreyvisualfieldinthesubjectsofPOAGinvariousagegroupsasevaluatedbyStudent’st-test.CONCLUSION:ProlongationofVEPlatenciesweremirroredbyacorrespondingincreaseofPSDvalues.Conversely,asPSDincreasesthemagnitudeofVEPexcursionswerefoundtobediminished.

简介：

简介：Withtherapiddevelopmentofbraincomputerinterface(simplycalledBCI),electroencephalography(EEG)willbeanotherinterestingbio-electricalsignalappliedinroboticsafterEMG.Inordertorealizeitfinally,theaccuratemeasurementandpatternrecognitionofEEGsignalmustbeaveryimportantandelementaryresearchobjective.Basedonourcurrentresearchesandsomereportsfromtheotherinternationalcolleaguesinthefield,wedeeplydiscussthebasiccharacteristicsofEEGsignal,thedevelopmentandselectionofEEGmeasurementsystem,featureextractionandrecognitionmethodsofEEGsignal,andthenreviewEEG'sapplicationsinroboticsaswellasthefutureresearchtrendsinthispaper.

简介：AbstractBackground:Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a vector-borne disease classified by the World Health Organization as one of the most neglected tropical diseases. Brazil has the highest incidence of CL in America and is one of the ten countries in the world with the highest number of cases. Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of CL is essential to provide guidelines for public health policies in Brazil. In the present study we used a spatial and temporal statistical approach to evaluate the dynamics of CL in Brazil.Methods:We used data of cutaneous leishmaniasis cases provided by the Ministry of Health of Brazil from 2001 to 2017. We calculated incidence rates and used the Mann-Kendall trend test to evaluate the temporal trend of CL in each municipality. In addition, we used Kuldorff scan method to identify spatiotemporal clusters and emerging hotspots test to evaluate hotspot areas and their temporal trends.Results:We found a general decrease in the number of CL cases in Brazil (from 15.3 to 8.4 cases per 100 000 habitants), although 3.2% of municipalities still have an increasing tendency of CL incidence and 72.5% showed no tendency at all. The scan analysis identified a primary cluster in northern and central regions and 21 secondary clusters located mainly in south and southeast regions. The emerging hotspots analysis detected a high spatial and temporal variability of hotspots inside the main cluster area, diminishing hotspots in eastern Amazon and permanent, emerging, and new hotspots in the states of Amapá and parts of Pará, Roraima, Acre and Mato Grosso. The central coast the state of Bahia is one of the most critical areas due to the detection of a cluster of the highest rank in a secondary cluster, and because it is the only area identified as an intensifying hotspot.Conclusions:Using a combination of statistical methods we were able to detect areas of higher incidence of CL and understand how it changed over time. We suggest that these areas, especially those identified as permanent, new, emerging and intensifying hotspots, should be targeted for future research, surveillance, and implementation of vector control measures.

简介：Theeffectofage-relatedbonelossonthestructuralcapacityoftheproximalfemurwereinvestigatedbyFiniteElementAnalysis(FEA).Fourbonelosspatternswereconsidered.Thesewere'uniformcorticalboneloss','neckcorticalboneloss','intertrochantericcorticalboneloss'and'uniformtrabecularboneloss'.Theresultsshowthatthetwo'non-uniformcorticalboneloss'patternsaremoredangerousthanthe'uniformcorticalboneloss'pattern,andthatthecorticalbonelossinintertrochantericregionisassociatedwithagreaterreductionincorticalfailureloadthanthecorticalbonelossinthefemoralneck.Thetrabecularbonelosscausesalimiteddecreaseinbothcorticalfailureandtrabecularfailureloads.Thisresearchshouldbehelpfultotheclinicalassessmentoffemurfractureriskduetoage-relatedboneloss.

简介：Objective:Neuronsinthecochlearnucleusshowdifferentresponsepatternstotheshorttonebursts.Becauseofthelimitationsofanimalexperiments,itishardtoexploretheprinciple.Therefore,usingamodeltosimulateCNneuronswillbeafeasibleway.Methods:Basedontheinitialmodelmentionedinthepreviousstudy,weproposedanimprovedCNmodelinMATLABR2012b.Results:Bymodifyingtheparametersofthemodelwefoundtheinterchangesamong"primary-like","chopper",and"onset"responsepatterns.Furthermore,wesimulatedthe"pauser"responsepatternbyaddinganextrainputinourmodel.Conclusion:TheresultsindicatethatthesynapticintegrationsandtheinputmodescangiverisetodifferentcharacteristicsofCNneurons,whicheventuallydeterminetheresponsepatternsofCNneurons.

简介：AbstractBackground:Understanding the global spatiotemporal pattern of seasonal influenza is essential for influenza control and prevention. Available data on the updated global spatiotemporal pattern of seasonal influenza are scarce. This study aimed to assess the spatiotemporal pattern of seasonal influenza after the 2009 influenza pandemic.Methods:Weekly influenza surveillance data in 86 countries from 2010 to 2017 were obtained from FluNet. First, the proportion of influenza A in total influenza viruses (PA) was calculated. Second, weekly numbers of influenza positive virus (A and B) were divided by the total number of samples processed to get weekly positive rates of influenza A (RWA) and influenza B (RWB). Third, the average positive rates of influenza A (RA) and influenza B (RB) for each country were calculated by averaging RWA, and RWB of 52 weeks. A Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted to examine if the year-to-year change in PA in all countries were significant, and a universal kriging method with linear semivariogram model was used to extrapolate RA and RB in all countries.Results:PA ranged from 0.43 in Zambia to 0.98 in Belarus, and PA in countries with higher income was greater than those countries with lower income. The spatial patterns of high RB were the highest in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia-Pacific region and South America. RWA peaked in early weeks in temperate countries, and the peak of RWB occurred a bit later. There were some temperate countries with non-distinct influenza seasonality (e.g., Mauritius and Maldives) and some tropical/subtropical countries with distinct influenza seasonality (e.g., Chile and South Africa).Conclusions:Influenza seasonality is not predictable in some temperate countries, and it is distinct in Chile, Argentina and South Africa, implying that the optimal timing for influenza vaccination needs to be chosen with caution in these unpredictable countries.

简介：

简介：Thehumanbrainisknowntobeinfluencedbyenvironmentalstimuli(Feeneyetal.,1982;Kaplan,1988).Therefore,researchonthebrainactivationpatternbyexternalstimulihasbeenanimportanttopicinneuroscience(Kaplan,1988).Chewinggumhasbeenknowntohaveapositiveeffectoncognition,includingalertness,attention,cognitiveprocessingspeed,

简介：Facialparalysisisacommonlyencountereddiseaseintheclinic.ItisknowninWesternmedicineasBell'sparalysisandintraditionalChinesemedicine(TCM)asdeviationoftheeyeandmouth.Currently,thereareavarietyoftherapiesfortreatingfacialparalysisbothinTCMandWesternmedicine,eachtherapyhasitsadvantages.Inrecenttwoyearstheauthorhastriedacupointinjectiontherapyfortreatmentof82casesofperipheryfacialparalysis(attributedtowind-coldpattern)andachievedagoodtherapeuticeffect.Hereisthereport.

简介：人的精子可以趋化现象地由跟随引诱剂分子的一个增加的坡度发现卵。尽管人的精子被观察了显示出趋化性的几个生理的特征，运动的趋化性的模式一直不是容易的描述。然而，当回到引诱剂来源时，趋化性的房间可以被识别，是明显的。这研究向孕酮来源在趋化性的重取向期间描绘人的精子的运动的模式，它是一个生理的引诱剂候选人。借助于videomicroscopy和图象分析，当精子向孕酮的趋化性的集中的来源回来了，运动的一个趋化性的模式被识别(10 ；pmoll−1)。作为它的原来的路径的继续，首先，精子与线性运动从孕酮来源游走然后与能被增加的速度描绘并且减少的一个过渡运动回头线性。这精子行为可以向孕酮来源自己帮助精子到使适应并且可以被用来识别在一给定的时间正在经历趋化性的很少房间。

简介：Objective:TostudythechangesofthegeneexpressionpatternofspinalcordtissuesintheearlystageafterinjurybyDNAmicroarray(genechip).Methods:ThecontusionmodelofratspinalcordwasestablishedaccordingtoAllen'sfallingstrikemethodandthegeneexpressionpatternsofnormalandinjuredspinalcordtissueswerestudiedbygenechip.Results:Theexpressionof45geneswassignificantlychangedintheearlystageafterspinalcordinjury,inwhich22genesup-regulatedand23genesdown-regulated.Conclusions:Theexpressionofsomegeneschangessignificantlyintheearlystageafterspinalcordinjury,whichindicatesthecomplexityofsecondaryspinalcordinjury.

简介：AbstractPurpose:The human-wildlife conflicts (HWCs) causing nuisances and injuries are becoming a growing public health concern over recent years worldwide. We aimed to study the demographic profile, mode of injury, pattern of injury, and outcome of wild animal attack victims presented to the emergency department.Methods:This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in the emergency department of a tertiary-care hospital in Eastern India. Data were retrieved from the medical records from May 2017 to May 2021. Patients of all ages and genders attacked by wild animals and secondary injuries were included in this study. Patients with incomplete data, injuries due to the attack of stray and domestic animals and trauma due to other causes were excluded. Demographic profile, mode of injury, the pattern of injury, injury severity score (ISS), radiological pattern, and outcome were recorded. Statistical analysis with R (version 3.6.1.) was conducted.Results:A total of 411 wild animal attack victims were studied, of which 374 (90.9%) were snakebite injuries and 37 (9.1%) were wild mammalian (WM) attack injuries. The mean age of WM attack victims was 46 years, and the male-to-female ratio was 4:1. Elephant attack injury (40.5%) was the most common WM attack injury reported. Most WM attacks (43.2%) occurred between 4:00 a.m. to 8:00 a.m. The median ISS was 18.5 (13-28), where 54.2% of patients had polytrauma (ISS>15). Elephant attack was associated with a higher ISS, but the difference was not significant compared to other animal types (p= 0.2). Blunt trauma was common pattern of injury in the elephant attack injury cases. Lacerations and soft tissue injuries were common patterns in other animal attacks. Among snakebites, neurotoxic was the most common type (55.4%), and lower extremity was the most common site involved.Conclusion:The young male population is the major victim of HWCs; and elephant is the most common animal involved. There is a need to design scientifically sound preventive strategies for HWCs and to strengthen the preparedness in health establishments to manage victims effectively.

简介：Togaininsightsintotheototoxiceffectsofaminoglycosideantibiotics(AmAn)anddelayedperipheralganglionneurondeathintheinnerear.experimentalanimalmodelswerewidelyusedwithseveraldifferentapproachesincludingAmAnsystemicinjections,combinationtreatmentofAmAnanddiuretics,orlocalapplicationofAmAn.Intheseapproaches,systemicAmAntreatmentaloneusuallycausesincompletedamagetohaircellsintheinnerear.Co-administrationofdiureticandAmAncancompletelydestroythecochlearhaircells,butitisimpossibletodamagethevestibularsystem.OnlytheapproachofAmAnlocalapplicationcanselectivelyeliminatemostsensoryhaircellsintheinnerear.Therefore,AmAnlocalapplicationismoresuitableforstudiesforcompletehaircelldestructionsincochlearandvestibularsystemandthefollowingdelayedperipheralganglionneurondeath.Incurrentstudies,guineapigswereunilaterallytreatedwithahighconcentrationofgentamicin(GM,40nig/ml)throughthetympanicmembraneintothemiddleearcavity.AuditoryfunctionsandvestibularfunctionsweremeasuredbeforeandafterGMtreatment.Thelossofhaircellsanddelayeddegenerationofganglionneuronsinbothcochlearandvestibularsystemwerequantified30daysor60daysaftertreatment.TheresultsshowedthatbothauditoryandvestibularfunctionswerecompletelyabolishedafterGMtreatment.Thesensoryhaircellsweretotallymissinginthecochlea,andseverelydestroyedinvestibularend-organs.Thedelayedspiralganglionneurondeath60daysafterthedeafeningprocedurewasover50%.However,noobviouspathologicalchangeswereobservedinvestibularganglionneurons60dayspost-treatment.Theseresultsindicatedthatahighconcentrationofgentamycindeliveredtothemiddleearcavitycandestroymostsensoryhaircellsintheinnerearthatsubsequentlycausesthedelayedspiralganglionneurondegeneration.Thismodelmightbeusefulforstudiesofhaircellregenerations,delayeddegenerationofperipheralauditoryne

简介：AbstractBackground:Previous studies have demonstrated different predominant sites of distant metastasis between patients with and without neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT). This study aimed to explore whether NCRT could influence the metastasis pattern of rectal cancer through a propensity score-matched analysis.Methods:In total, 1296 patients with NCRT or post-operative chemoradiotherapy (PCRT) were enrolled in this study between January 2008 and December 2015. Propensity score matching was used to correct for differences in baseline characteristics between the two groups. After propensity score matching, the metastasis pattern, including metastasis sites and timing, was compared and analyzed.Results:After propensity score matching, there were 408 patients in the PCRT group and 245 patients in the NCRT group. NCRT significantly reduced local recurrence (4.1% vs. 10.3%, P = 0.004), but not distant metastases (28.2% vs. 27.9%, P= 0.924) compared with PCRT. In both the NCRT and PCRT groups, the most common metastasis site was the lung, followed by the liver. The NCRT group developed local recurrence and distant metastases later than the PCRT group (median time: 29.2 [18.8, 52.0] months vs. 18.7 [13.3, 30.0] months, Z=-2.342, P= 0.019; and 21.2 [12.2, 33.8] vs. 16.4 [9.3, 27.9] months, Z=-1.765, P = 0.035, respectively). The distant metastases occurred mainly in the 2nd year after surgery in both the PCRT group (39/114, 34.2%) and NCRT group (21/69, 30.4%). However, 20.3% (14/69) of the distant metastases appeared in the 3rd year in the NCRT group, while this number was only 13.2% (15/114) in the PCRT group.Conclusions:The predominant site of distant metastases was the lung, followed by the liver, for both the NCRT group and PCRT group. NCRT did not influence the predominant site of distant metastases, but the NCRT group developed local recurrence and distant metastases later than the PCRT group. The follow-up strategy for patients with NCRT should be adjusted and a longer intensive follow-up is needed.

简介：无

简介：无