简介：Severeacuterespiratorysyndrome(SARS)isaseriousandfatalinfectiousdiseasecausedbySARScoronavirus(SARS-Cov),anovelhumancoronavirus.SARS-Covinfectionstimulatescytokines(e.g.,IL-10,IFN-γ,IL-1,etc.)expressiondramatically,andTlymphocytesandtheirsubsetsCD4+andCD8+Tcellsaredecreasedafteronsetofthedisease.SARS-specificIgGantibodyisgeneratedinthesecondweekandpersistsforalongtime,whereasIgMisexpressedtransiently.ThespikeproteinandneucleocapsidproteinaremostabundantinSARS-Covandcontributedominantlytotheantibodyproductionduringthecourseofdisease.Spikeprotein,especiallytheACE-2bindingregion(318-510aa)iscapableofproducingneutralizingantibodytoSARS-Cov.NeucleocapsidproteininducesprotectivespecificCTLtoSARS-Cov.Therefore,applicationswithspikesubunit,neucleocapsidsubunitaswellasinactivatedSARS-CovarethreeprospectivevaccinationstrategiesforSARS.

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简介：ImmunizationwithinactivatedautoreactiveTcells(Tcellvaccination)selectedfromindividual'sownTcellrepertoireprovidesauniqueinvivosettingfortestingimmuneregulationthatisknowntoinvolveinteractionsofavarietyofrelatedsurfacemolecules(1).ItinducesregulatoryimmuneresponsesthatcloselyresembletheinvivosituationwheretheimmunesystemischallengedbyclonalactivationandexpansionofgivenTcellpopulationsinvariousautoimmunediseases.TcellvaccinationprovidesapowerfulmeansofelicitingnaturalreactionsoftheimmunesysteminresponsetoclonalexpansionofTcells,whichcanusedasatherapeuticapproachtosuppressoreliminatespecificpathogenicautoreactiveTcellsinautoimmuneconditions.ClinicaltrialsusingTcellvaccinationtodepleteautoreactiveTcellsinhumanautoimmuneconditionshavebeguntorevealthepathologicrelevanceofvariousautoimmuneTcellpopulationsinthediseaseprocesses,providingauniqueopportunitytotesttheautoimmunetheoriesinaclinicalsetting.Cellular&MolecularImmunology.2004;1(5):321-327.

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简介：ThisarticlefocusesonthestudyofallagestructuredSEIRSepidemicmodelwithavaccinationprogramwhenthetotalpopulationsizeisnotkeptatconstant.WefirstgivetheexplicitexpressionofthereproductionnumberR(ψ，^↑λ)inthepresenceofvaccine(^↑λistheexponentofgrowthoftotalpopulation),andshowthattheinfection-freesteadystateislh~earlystableifR(ψ，^↑λ)<1andunstableifR(ψ，^↑λ)>1,thenweapplythetheoreticalresultstovaccinationpoliciestodeterminetheoptimalageoragesatwhichanindividualshouldbevaccinated.Itisshownthattheoptilnalstrategycanbeeitherone-ortwo-agestrategies.

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简介：AbstractBackground:Healthcare workers (HCWs) were the priority group for influenza vaccination, in China during the 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 influenza seasons. However, vaccination rates in HCWs have always been low. This study investigated influenza vaccination status among Chinese HCWs and analyzed the factors driving vaccination.Methods:We provided electronic questionnaires to HCWs from January 27, 2022 to February 21, 2022, using the WeChat platform "Breath Circles". HCWs who received the link could also forward it to their colleagues. Binary logistic regression models were used to analyze vaccination-associated factors among HCWs.Results:Among the 1697 HCWs surveyed, vaccination coverage was 43.7% (741/1697) during the 2020/2021 influenza season, and 35.4% (600/1697) during the 2021/2022 influenza season, as of February 21, 2022. Additionally, 22.7% (385/1697) and 22.1% (358/1697) of HCWs reported that their workplaces implemented a free vaccination policy for all employees during the 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 influenza seasons. HCWs who were required to be vaccinated according to hospital regulations, and whose hospitals implemented the free influenza vaccine policy were more likely to be vaccinated (2020/2021 and 2021/2022; P < 0.05). In addition, the economic level of the HCWs' province (2021/2022, P < 0.05) and the HCWs’ knowledge about vaccination and willingness to get vaccinated, such as active learning about vaccines (2020/2021, P < 0.05), supportive attitude toward vaccination for all HCWs (2020/2021 and 2021/2022; P < 0.05), also had an impact on vaccine coverage.Conclusions:A free influenza vaccination policy and workplace required vaccination are effective in improving influenza vaccination coverage among HCWs. Influenza vaccination coverage of Chinese HCWs remained low and showed a downward trend after the COVID-19 outbreak. Further effective measures, such as advocacy campaigns, free vaccine policies, and on-site vaccination could be implemented to improve influenza vaccination coverage.

简介：AbstractA series of stringent non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions were implemented to contain the pandemic but the pandemic continues. Moreover, vaccination breakthrough infection and reinfection in convalescent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases have been reported. Further, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants emerged with mutations in spike (S) gene, the target of most current vaccines. Importantly, the mutations exhibit a trend of immune escape from the vaccination. Herein the scientific question that if the vaccination drives genetic or antigenic drifts of SARS-CoV-2 remains elusive. We performed correlation analyses to uncover the impacts of wide vaccination on epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19. In addition, we investigated the evolutionary dynamics and genetic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 under immune pressure by utilizing the Bayesian phylodynamic inferences and the lineage entropy calculation respectively. We found that vaccination coverage was negatively related to the infections, severe cases, and deaths of COVID-19 respectively. With the increasing vaccination coverage, the lineage diversity of SARS-CoV-2 dampened, but the rapid mutation rates of the S gene were identified, and the vaccination could be one of the explanations for driving mutations in S gene. Moreover, new epidemics resurged in several countries with high vaccination coverage, questioning their current pandemic control strategies. Hence, integrated vaccination and non-pharmacological interventions are critical to control the pandemic. Furthermore, novel vaccine preparation should enhance its capabilities to curb both disease severity and infection possibility.

简介：AbstractVaccination is crucial in controlling the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that triggered the pandemic, but herd immunity can only work with high vaccination coverage in the population. This study aims to measure the COVID-19 knowledge level and determine the factors influencing COVID-19 vaccination intention among university students in Malaysia. A cross-sectional online survey was carried out with 1,274 Malaysian university students in July 2021. Univariate and multivariate analyses were employed to examine the relationships between the study variables. Results showed that the majority of university students had an acceptable level of knowledge of COVID-19. The knowledge, risk perception of COVID-19, social norms, and perceived benefit of COVID-19 vaccination were positively associated with vaccination intention. However, perceived trust in information sources of COVID-19 vaccination and the government's response to COVID-19 did not affect the university students’ desire to receive the vaccination. These findings are essential for health policymakers and healthcare providers to implement evidence-based interventions to increase COVID-19 vaccination uptake among university students.

简介：Wehavepreviouslydemonstratedtheabilityofmalariaparasitestointerferewithspecificimmuneresponses.CD4Tcellsspecifictoparasiteantigens,butnotCD4Tcellsspecifictoanirrelevantantigen,ovalbumin(OVA),aredeletedviaapoptosisduringmalariainfection.Itisofinterest,therefore,toinvestigatetheimmuneresponsesthatdevelopedfollowingvaccinationwiththe19kDacarboxylterminusofthemerozoitesurfaceprotein1(MSP119)inmicethathadpreviouslyexperiencedmalariainfection.Inthisstudy,pre-exposureofmicetoPlasmodiumyoeliielicitednativeanti-MSP119antibodyresponses,whichcouldbeboostedbyvaccinationwithrecombinantMSP119，Likewise,infectionofMSP119-primedmicewithPlasmodiumyoelii(P.yoelii)ledtoanincreaseofanti-MSP119antibodies.MSP119vaccinationofmalariapreexposedmiceorimmunizationbyinfection/cureofMSP119-primedmiceenabledthemicetosurvivechallengeinfection,withtheformergrouphavingslightlylowerparasitaemia.Thedatasuggestthatexposuretomalariainfectionprimesanaturalimmuneresponsewhichcanbeboostedbyvaccination.Thisinformationisrelevanttothedevelopmentofavaccineforuseinindividualslivinginmalaria-endemicareas.

简介：AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was triggered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a previously unknown strain of coronavirus. To fully understand the consequences and complications of SARS-CoV-2 infections, we have reviewed current literature on coagulation dysfunctions that are related to the disease and vaccination. While COVID-19 is more commonly considered as a respiratory illness, studies indicate that, in addition to respiratory illness, a coagulation dysfunction may develop in individuals after the initial infection, placing them at the risk of developing thrombotic events. Patients who died of COVID-19 had higher levels of D-dimer, a biomarker for blood clot formation and breakdown. Effective treatments for coagulation dysfunctions are critically needed to improve patient survival. On the other hand, antibodies against platelet factor 4 (PF4)/heparin may be found in patients with rare instances of vaccine-induced immunological thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) following vaccination with adenovirus-based vaccines. VITT is characterized by atypical thrombosis and thrombocytopenia, similar to immune-mediated heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), but with no need for heparin to trigger the immune response. Although both adenovirus-based and mRNA-based vaccines express the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, VITT is exclusively related to adenovirus-based vaccines. Due to the resemblance with HIT, the use of heparin is highly discouraged against treating patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenia after SARS-CoV-2 infection or with VITT after vaccination. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy coupled with anticoagulation is recommended instead. The well-studied anti-PF4 monoclonal antibody RTO, which does not induce pathologic immune complexes in the presence of heparin and has been humanized for a potential treatment modality for HIT, may provide a nonanticoagulant HIT-specific solution to the problem of increased blood coagulation after SARS-CoV-2 infection or the VITT after immunization.

简介：Themoditicationoftumorcellsoreffcorcellsusingcytokinegenesasastrategytoenhancehostantitumorimmunityhasbeenstudiedintensivelyoverthe

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