简介:Fromaneconomicpointofview,theindustrialecon-omyisefficienttoovercomesituationsofascarcityofgoods.Fromatechnologicalpointofview,theresourceefficiencyofthemanufacturingprocessesoftheindustrialeconomyhasbeenper-manentlyimprovedduringthelast200years.Inaddition,cleanerprocesseshavebeendeveloped.However,fromanecologicpointofview,anincreasingworldpopulationwithincreasingconsump-tionhasproduceda'globalfootprint'whichapproachesthecar-ryingcapacityoftheplanet.Acirculareconomyanditshigh-valuespin-offs-alakeeconomyandaperformanceorfunctionalserviceeconomy-canfulfilcustomers'needswithconsiderablylessresourceconsump-tion,lessenvironmentalimpairmentinproductionandconsidera-blylessend-of-lifeproductwaste,especiallyinsituationsofaf-fluence,whenaconsiderablestockofphysicalgoodsandinfra-structuresexists.Also,insituationsofascarcityofnaturalresources,bothen-ergyandmaterials,oftencharacterisedbyrapidlyrisingresourceprices,theeconomicactorsofacirculareconomyhaveahighcompetitiveadvantageovertheactorsoftheindustrialeconomy,duetomuchlowerprocurementcostsformaterialsandenergy.Fromasocialpointofview,acirculareconomyincreasesthenumberofskilledjobsinregionalenterprises.However,theshiftfromalinearmanufacturingeconomytoacircularorserviceeconomymeansachangeineconomicthinking,fromflow(throughput)managementtostock(asset)management:inamanufacturingeconomywithlargelyunsaturatedmarkets,totalwealthincreasesthroughaccumulationasresourcethrough-put(flow)istransformedintoahigherstockofgoodsofbetterquality(butinamanufacturingeconomywithlargelysaturatedmarkets,wealthrepresentedbythestockofgoodswillnolongerincrease);inacircularorserviceeconomy,totalwealthincreasesthroughasmartmanagementofexistingphysicalassets(stock)thatareadaptedtochangesinbothtechnology
简介:CitiesbasedonminingaredistinctivefromothercitiesinChina.Theirheavydependenceonminerals,arelativelyundiversifiedindustrialstructure,seriouslydamagedecologicalenvironmentandtheratherlowdegreeofopennesshaveallreducedtheircompetitiveness,andseverelyconstrainedandhinderedtheirsustainabledevelopment.Inthispapertheauthorswillstudymining-basedcitiesfromtheperspectiveofsustainabledevelopment,firstbyhavingacriticalreviewoftheirfeatures,andthenbyresearchingintostrategicoptionstosupporttheirsustainabledevelopment.
简介:第一章总则第一条为了防治和减轻海洋工程建设项目(以下简称海洋工程)污染损害海洋环境,维护海洋生态平衡,保护海洋资源,根据《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》,制定本条例。第二条在中华人民共和国管辖海域内从事海洋工程污染损害海洋环境防治活动,适用本条例。
简介:Effectsonsustainabledevelopmentofclimatechangehavebeengoingfurthernowadays.NationalFiveYearDevelopmentPlaninChinashouldhavespecificpoliciesonhowtotakeclimatechangeimpactsintoaccountthroughtheenvironmentalplanning.Keyfieldsdistributeinthreelevelsofnaturalbearingcapacity,productionsystemandhumansettlements,andincludesevenaspects:ecosystems,waterresources,disastersandrisks,low-carboneconomy,vulnerabledepartments,urbanization,andcoastland.