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简介：1.TheState:GeneralConsiderationsScholarshavelongbeinginterestedinthestateandtherunningofit.Amongthem,therewerephilosophers,historians,sociologistsandanthropologists.WemaygoasfarbackastoConfuciusandLaoTze,ortotheGreekphilosophersPlatoandAristotle1,andifwewanttostayclosertoourtime,wecanmentiontheItalianpoliticalscientistMachiavelli,whowroteinthe16thcenturyIlPrincipe(ThePrince),

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简介：AsystematicexaminationofRamessesⅡ'slargefamilyofover100childrenandatleastadozenwivesrevealsthattheGreatRoyalWivesNefertariandIsetnofret,alongwiththeirchildren,enjoyedaprivilegedstatuswithinthehierarchicalstructureoftheroyalfamily.NefertariowedhersupremestatustobeingmotherofRamessseⅡ'sfirstbornsonAmunhirkhopeshef,whileRamessesⅡwasstillcrownprinceunderSetyI.Isetnofret'ssonsanddaughterswerealsofavoredbecauseshegavebirthtothesecondbornsonPrinceRamessesJr.IsetnofretherselfdidnotenjoyprominenceonthemonumentsuntilafterthedeathofNefertari,norwassheburiedintheValleyoftheQueens.Theremainingoffspringofthesewivesalsobenefitedfromtheprestigeoftheirmothersandeldestbrothers.OtherearlywivesgavebirthtothemajorityofRamessesⅡ'schildren,butthesewomenarenowcompletelyanonymous.Otherattestedwivesofthekingincludehisfivedaughter-wivesandtwoHittitePrincess-brides.NootherEgyptianwivesareknownforRamessesⅡ.MonumentalsourcesthatprivilegeQueenNefertari,andthechildrenofbothNefertariandIsetnofret,revealahierarchicalstructureoftheroyalfamily.

简介：KingHammurapiofBabylon(ca.1792-1750B.C.)iswell-knownasaleaderofraregiftsandboldstrategyintheOldBabylonianperiod,whilethedeedsofhisworthyofficialsandgreatgeneralsareovershadowedandlesswellknown.Infact,however,itisnexttoimpossibleforonetobecomeagreatleaderinagreatundertakingwithouttheassistanceofvariousablepersons.Thepresentarticleisanattempttopresentsomeinformationontheroleofoneoftheseofficials,whohelpedtoadministerthegreatempireassembledbyHammurapi.