简介：黑暗精力的问题简短在理论、观察的方面被考察。在理论方面，黑暗精力情形被分类进对称，人类的原则，调节机制，修改严肃，量宇宙论，holographic原则，背反应和现象学的类型。在观察方面，我们介绍宇宙的探针，联系的精力投射的黑暗，理论模型上的观察限制和模型独立人士重建。

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简介：吸附是为环境补习的最广泛地应用的技术之一。它的动力学意义大评估给定的吸附物和获得卓见的表演进内在的机制。有有关吸附动力学可得到的大量参考书，并且几个数学模型被开发了描述吸附反应和散开过程。然而，这些模特儿经常被雇用适合运动数据在一不合适或不适当举止。这主要是因为到可观的程度，联系模型的边界条件为数据建模被忽略。这里，我们考察了几使用得广泛地的吸附运动模型并且对他们的边界条件给予了更多的注意。我们相信评论为吸附某些意义和改进是运动建模。

简介：Highcoherenceofthelaserisindispensablelightsourcesinmodernlongorshort-distanceimagingsystems,becausethehighcoherenceleadstocoherentartifactssuchasspecklethatcorruptimageformation.Todeliverlowcoherencepulsesinfiberamplifiers,weutilizethesuperluminescentpulsedlightwithbroadbandwidth,nonlongitudinalmodestructureandchaoticmodephaseastheseedsourceofthecascadedfiberamplifiers.Theinfluenceoffibersuperluminescentpulseamplification(SPA)onthelimitationsoftheperformanceisanalyzed.AreviewofourresearchresultsforSPAinthefibersarepresent,includingthenonlineartheoriesofthislowcoherentlightsources,i.e.,self-focusing(SF),stimulatedRamanscattering(SRS)andself-phasemodulation(SPM)effects,andtheexperimentresultsofthenanosecondpulseswithpeakpowerashighas4.8MWandpulseenergyasmuchas55mJ.ToimprovethebrightnessofSPAlightinthefuturework,weintroduceournovelevaluationtermandamorereasonablecriterion,whichisdenotedbyanewparameterofbrightnessfactorforactivelargemodeareafiberdesigns.Acore-dopedactivelargepitchfiberwithacorediameterof190μmandamode-fielddiameterof180μmisdesignedbythismethod.Thedesignedfiberallowsneardiffractedlimitedbeamqualityoperation,anditcanachieve100mJpulseenergyand540Waveragepowerbyanalyzingthemodecouplingeffectsinducedbyheat.

简介：Dopantsanddefectsareimportantinsemiconductorandmagneticdevices.Strategiesforcontrollingdopinganddefectshavebeenthefocusofsemiconductorphysicsresearchduringthepastdecadesandremaincriticaleventoday.Co-dopingisapromisingstrategythatcanbeusedforeffectivelytuningthedopantpopulations,electronicproperties,andmagneticproperties.Itcanenhancethesolubilityofdopantsandimprovethestabilityofdesireddefects.Duringthepast20years,significantexperimentalandtheoreticaleffortshavebeendevotedtostudyingthecharacteristicsofco-doping.Inthisarticle,wefirstreviewthehistoricaldevelopmentofco-doping.Then,wereviewavarietyofresearchperformedonco-doping,basedonthecompensatingnatureofco-dopants.Finally,wereviewtheeffectsofcontaminationandsurfactantsthatcanexplainthegeneralmechanismsofco-doping.

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简介：InthispaperwereviewtheprovisionofthelaserdiagnosticsthatareinstalledontheVulcanlaserfacility.Wewillpresentstrategiesfordealingwiththeenergyofhighenergysystemsandwithwaysofhandlingthebeamsizesofthelasers.Wepresentdatacapturedduringtypicalexperimentalcampaignstodemonstratetheirreliabilityandvariationinshottoshotvalues.

简介：Inthispaper,theinterestingdevelopmentoftheveryimportantinnovationofthrustvestoringtechnologyinappliedaerodynamicsisdescribed.InMemoryofafirend.Dr.W.HerbstofMBB,Germany,theso-calledfatheroftheX-31experimentalthrustvectoringfighter,wholosthislifeafewyearsagowhilepilotinghisprivateairplane.BertrandRussel：“Menarebornignorant,notstupid-theyaremadestupidbyeducation.”.AdmiralHymanRickover:“Thebestengineersarethosewho,inadditiontotechnicalexpertise,havehadgoodtrainingintheliberalartsandunderstandtheworldaroundthem”。

简介：Nuclearfusionhasenormouspotentialtogreatlyaffectglobalenergyproduction.Thenext-generationtokamakITER,whichisaimedatdemonstratingthefeasibilityofenergyproductionfromfusiononacommercialscale,isunderconstruction.Wallerosion,materialtransport,andfuelretentionareknownfactorsthatshortenthelifetimeofITERduringtokamakoperationandgiverisetosafetyissues.Thesefactors,whichmustbeunderstoodandsolvedearlyintheprocessoffusionreactordesignanddevelopment,areamongthemostimportantconcernsforthecommunityofplasma-wallinteractionresearchers.Todate,lasertechniquesareamongthemostpromisingmethodsthatcansolvetheseopenITERissues,andlaser-inducedbreakdownspectroscopy（LIBS）isanidealcandidateforonlinemonitoringofthewallsofcurrentandnext-generation（suchasITER）fusiondevices.LIBSisawidelyusedtechniqueforvariousapplications.Ithasbeenconsideredrecentlyasapromisingtoolforanalyzingplasma-facingcomponentsinfusiondevicesinsitu.ThisarticlereviewstheexperimentsthathavebeenperformedbymanyresearchgroupstoassessthefeasibilityofLIBSforthispurpose.

简介：Directconversionofmethanetohigherhydrocarbonsisaneffectiveprocesstosolvetheproblemofnaturalgasutilization.Althoughremarkableprogresshasbeenachievedonthedehydro-aromatizationofmethane(DAM),lowconversioncausedbyseverethermodynamiclimitations,cokeformation,andcatalysisdeactivationremainimportantdrawbackstothedirectconversionprocess.MolybdenumcatalystssupportedonHZSM-5typezeolitesupportareamongthemostpromisingcatalysts.Thisreviewfocusesontheaspectsofdirectmethaneconversion,intermsofcatalystscontainingmetalandsupport,reactionconditions,andconversionindifferenttypesofreactors.Thereactionmechanismforthiscatalyticprocessisalsodiscussed.

简介：Photoconductiveswitcheswerethekeycomponentsthatallowedthegenerationanddetectionofcoherentbroadbandelectromagneticpulsesatterahertzfrequencies,openingthepossibilityforperformingspectroscopyand,therefore,measuringcomplexdielectricpropertiesofmaterialsinthisband,whichwasmostlyunexplored.Inthispaper,wepresentabriefintroductiontotheoperationprinciplesofthesedevices.Subsequently,wepresentareviewofthecurrentstate-of-the-artinthisfieldanddiscussthechallengestobefacedinfuturedevelopmentofthesedevices.

简介：Wereviewthepresentstatusandfutureprospectsoffastignition(FI)researchofthetheoreticalgroupattheIAPCM(InstituteofAppliedPhysicsandComputationalMathematics,Beijing)asapartoftheinertialconfinementfusionproject.SincetheapprovaloftheFIprojectattheIAPCM,wehavedevotedoureffortstoimprovingtheintegratedcodesforFIanddesigningadvancedtargetstogetherwiththeexperimentalgroup.RecentFIexperiments[K.U.Aklietal.,Phys.Rev.E86,065402(2012)]showedthatthepetawattlaserbeamenergywasnotefficientlyconvertedintothecompressedcorebecauseofthebeamdivergenceofrelativisticelectronbeams.Thecouplingefficiencycanbeimprovedinthreeways:(1)usingacone–wire-in-shelladvancedtargettoenhancethetransportefficiency,(2)usingexternalmagneticfieldstocollimatefastelectrons,and(3)reducingtheprepulselevelofthepetawattlaserbeam.TheintegratedcodesforFI,namedICFI,includingaradiationhydrodynamiccode,aparticle-in-cell(PIC)simulationcode,andahybridfluid–PICcode,havebeendevelopedtodesignthisadvancedtargetattheIAPCM.TheShenguang-IIupgradedlaserfacilityhasbeenconstructedforFIresearch;itconsistsofeightbeams(intotal24kJ/3ω,3ns)forimplosioncompression,andaheatinglaserbeam(0.5–1kJ,3–5ps)forgeneratingtherelativisticelectronbeam.AfullyintegratedFIexperimentisscheduledforthe2014project.

简介：Fabry-Perot共鸣器(FPR)天线在微波和毫米波浪发现了宽应用并且最近吸引了可观的兴趣。在这篇论文，平面、圆柱的结构的一篇摘要，分析模型和研究，开发被介绍，并且在这些结构之间的比较和分析模型被做显示出那象FP洞模式的如此的分析模型，电磁的乐队差距(EBG)缺点模式，传播线模式，并且当适用分析这类共鸣器天线时，漏波浪的模式是一致的。在最近的研究下面的一些有趣的话题，包括双或多乐队，获得带宽的改进，低侧面和横梁控制，被调查。

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简介：Thermodynamicsisabranchofphysicswhichdealswiththeenergyflowintosystems.Therearetwoprincipallawsofthermodynamicswhicharedescribedonseparateslides.Thefirstlawofthermodynamicsrelatestothetransferofvariousformsofenergy,asheat,electric,magneticandchemicalenergiestoproducemechanicalwork.Thislawissometimestakenasthedefinitionofinternalenergy,andintroducesanadditionalstatevariable,enthalpy.Thefirstlawofthermodynamicsallowsformanypossiblestatesofasystemtoexist.Butexperienceindicatesthatthereisonlyonedirectionfornaturalprocessestoproceed.Thisleadstothesecondlawofthermodynamicsandthedefinitionofanotherstatevariablecalledentropy.Thesecondlawstipulatesthatthetotalentropyofasystemplusitsenvironmentcannotdecrease;itcanremainconstantforareversibleprocessbutmustalwaysincreaseforirreversibleornaturalprocesses.However,thelimitednumberofauthorsisconcernedbysystemsthatinvolvethetransferofelectricandmagneticenergiesinadditiontotheflowofheatinstudyingageneralthermodynamicsystem.Thesubmittedreviewfollowsanentropyapproachthatintroducescleardefinitionsoftheelectricchargeandmagneticfluxtoclarifyambiguitiesofthenaturesofsuchfluxesinliterature.So,thefirstandsecondlawsofthermodynamicsareappliedonthermo-electromagneticprocessesthatembracetheflowofmechanical,thermal,electric,andmagneticenergiesintosystemsthatinvolvefluidsorsolids.Accordingly,itwaspossibletomodifyredundanciesintheSIsystemofunits.Followingtheentropyapproach,itwaspossibletocasttheMaxwell’sequationsintoanenergyframeofreferencetoexplainthediscoveredTesla’swirelesspowertransmissionas“ElectricalRadiantEnergy”,andtheMITdiscoveryofwirelesspowertransmissionofthemagneticfluxas“EvanescentWaves”andtoclarifyfuzzinessofthedualityconfusionbyspecifyingauniquepropertyfortheelectronasaparticleandaun

简介：Adsorptionisoneofthewidelyusedprocessesinthechemicalindustryenvironmentalapplication.Ascomparedtomathematicalmodelsproposedtodescribebatchadsorptionintermsofisothermandkineticbehavior,insufficientmodelsareavailabletodescribeandpredictfixed-bedorcolumnadsorption,thoughthelatteroneisthemainoptioninpracticalapplication.Thepresentreviewfirstprovidesabriefsummaryonbasicconceptsandmathematicmodelstodescribethemasstransferandisothermbehaviorofbatchadsorption,whichdominatethecolumnadsorptionbehaviorinnature.Afterwards,thewidelyusedmodelsdevelopedtopredictthebreakthroughcurve,i.e.,thegeneralratemodels,lineardrivingforce(LDF)model,wavepropagationtheorymodel,constantpatternmodel,Clarkmodel,Thomasmodel,Bohart-Adamsmodel,Yoon-Nelsonmodel,Wangmodel,Wolborskamodel,andmodifieddose-responsemodel,arebrieflyintroducedfromthemechanismandmathematicalviewpoint.Theirbasiccharacteristics,includingtheadvantagesandinheritshortcomings,arealsodiscussed.Thisreviewcouldhelpthoseinterestedincolumnadsorptiontoreasonablychooseordevelopanaccurateandconvenientmodelfortheirstudyandpracticalapplication.

简介：Sulfide-containingwastestreamsaregeneratedbyanumberofindustries.Itisemittedintotheenvironmentasdis-solvedsulfide(S2-andHS-)inwastewatersandasH2Sinwastegases.Duetoitscorrosivenature,biologicalhydrogensulfideremovalprocessesarebeinginvestigatedtoovercomethechemicalanddisposalcostsassociatedwithexistingchemicallybasedremovalprocesses.Thenitrogenandsulfurmetabolisminteractsatvariouslevelsofthewastewatertreatmentprocess.Hence,thesulfurcycleofferspossibilitiestointegratenitrogenremovalinthetreatmentprocess,whichneedstobefurtheroptimizedbyappropriatedesignofthereactorconfiguration,optimizationofperformanceparameters,retentionofbiomassandoptimizationofbiomassgrowth.Thepresentpaperreviewsthebiotechnologicaladvancestoremovesulfidesfromvariousenvironments.

简介：Laser-inducedbreakdownspectroscopy（LIBS）isanemerginganalyticalspectroscopytechnique.ThisreviewpresentsthemainrecentdevelopmentsinChinaregardingtheimplementationofLIBSforcoalanalysis.Thepapermainlyfocusesontheprogressofthepastfewyearsinthefundamentals,datapretreatment,calibrationmodel,andexperimentalissuesofLIBSanditsapplicationtocoalanalysis.Manyimportantdomesticstudiesfocusingoncoalqualityanalysishavebeenconducted.

简介：Ininertialfusionenergy(IFE)research,aconsiderableattentionhasrecentlybeenfocusedontheissueoflargetargetfabricationforMJ-classlaserfacilities.Theignitionandhigh-gaintargetdesignsrequireacondenseduniformlayerofhydrogenfuelontheinsideofasphericalshell.Inthisreport,wediscussthecurrentstatusandfurthertrendsintheareaofdevelopingthelayeringtechniquesintendedtoproduceignition,andlayeringtechniquesproposedtohighrepetitionrateandmassproductionofIFEtargets.