简介:Basedontheobserved2-yeartemperaturedataforfourkindsoftypicalurbanunderlyingsurfaces,includingasphalt,cement,barelandandgrassland,theannualvariationsandinfluencingfactorsoflandsurfacetemperatureareanalyzed.Thenfittingequationsforsurfacetemperatureareestablished.Itisshownthattheannualvariationofdailyaverage,maximumandminimumtemperatureanddailytemperaturerangeonthefoururbanunderlyingsurfacesisconsistentwiththechangeinairtemperature.Thedifferenceoftemperatureondifferentunderlyingsurfacesinthesummerhalfyear(MaytoOctober)ismuchmoreevidentthanthatinthewinterhalfyear(DecembertothefollowingApril).Thedailyaverageandmaximumtemperaturesofasphalt,cement,barelandandgrasslandarehigherthanairtemperatureduetotheatmosphericheatinginthedaytime,withthatofasphaltbeingthehighest,followedinturnbycement,barelandandgrassland.Moreover,thedailyaverage,maximumandminimumtemperatureonthefoururbanunderlyingsurfacesarestronglyimpactedbytotalcloudamount,dailyaveragerelativehumidityandsunshinehours.Thelandsurfacecanbecooled(warmed)byincreasedtotalcloudamount(relativehumidity).Thechangesintemperatureonbarelandandgrasslandareinfluencedbyboththetotalcloudamountandthedailyaveragerelativehumidity.Thetemperatureparametersofthefourlandsurfacesaresignificantlycorrelatedwithdailyaverage,maximumandminimumtemperature,sunshinehours,dailyaveragerelativehumidityandtotalcloudamount,respectively.Theanalysisalsoindicatesthattherangeoffittingparameterofalinearregressionequationbetweenthesurfacetemperatureofthefourkindsoftypicallandsurfaceandtheairtemperatureisfrom0.809to0.971,passingtheF-testwithaconfidencelevelof0.99.
简介:Inthispaper,theforecastingequationsofa2nd-orderspace-timedifferentialremainderarededucedfromtheNavier-StokesprimitiveequationsandEulerianoperatorbyTaylor-seriesexpansion.Hereweintroduceacubicsplinenumericalmodel(SplineModelforshort),whichiswithaquasi-Lagrangiantime-splitintegrationschemeoffittingcubicspline/bicubicsurfacetoallphysicalvariablefieldsintheatmosphericequationsonsphericaldiscretelatitude-longitudemesh.Anewalgorithmof'fittingcubicspline—timestepintegration—fittingcubicspline—……'isdevelopedtodeterminetheirfirst-and2nd-orderderivativesandtheirupstreampointsfortimediscreteintegraltothegoverningequationsinSplineModel.AndthecubicsplinefunctionanditsmathematicalpolaritiesarealsodiscussedtounderstandtheSplineModel’smathematicalfoundationofnumericalanalysis.ItispointedoutthattheSplineModelhasmathematicallawsof'convergence'ofthecubicsplinefunctionscontractingtotheoriginalfunctionsaswellasits1st-orderand2nd-orderderivatives.The'optimality'ofthe2nd-orderderivativeofthecubicsplinefunctionsisoptimalapproximationtothatoftheoriginalfunctions.Inaddition,aHermitebicubicpatchisequivalenttooperateonagridfora2nd-orderderivativevariablefield.Besides,theslopesandcurvaturesofacentraldifferenceareidentifiedrespectively,withasmoothingcoefficientof1/3,three-pointsmoothingofthatofacubicspline.Thentheslopesandcurvaturesofacentraldifferencearecalculatedfromthesmoothingcoefficient1/3andthree-pointsmoothingofthatofacubicspline,respectively.Furthermore,aglobalsimulationcaseofadiabatic,non-frictionaland'incompressible'modelatmosphereisshownwiththequasi-LagrangiantimeintegrationbyusingaglobalSplineModel,whoseinitialconditioncomesfromtheNCEPreanalysisdata,alongwithquasi-uniformlatitude-longitudegridsandtheso-called'shallowatmosphere'Navier-Stokesprimitiveequationsinthes
简介:19417号台风过程概况9417号热带风暴于8月15日生成,17日发展成台风,一直西行至台湾以东后开始北上,尔后转为西北行直逼我省沿海,于8月21日22时30分在我省瑞安市沿海登陆,路经温州、丽水、衢州等地市,于8月22日白天在江西省境内减弱为低气压。该台风强度强、范围大,登陆点离本市较近,对本市产生较严重的影响。全市普降暴雨、局部大暴雨,个别地方出现特大暴雨,大部分地区过程雨量超过100mm,诸暨南部与新昌、嵊县都在200mm以上,其中最大在嵊县金庭镇,达308mm,北部平原及嵊县盆地雨量较小,最大风力普遍8—10级(阵风)。
简介:利用邵武探空资料,尝试将1992~2013年的闽北81个雹日归纳为五型:显式位势不稳定型(Ⅰ型)、隐式位势不稳定型(Ⅱ型)、上干下湿型(Ⅲ型)、整层潮湿型(Ⅳ型)和上层不稳定型(V型)。分析它们的特征表明:(1)Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型为位势不稳定;其它型为对流性不稳定,无条件性不稳定。(2)Ⅰ型具有明显的位势不稳定,垂直风切变达到中等强度既能出现强冰雹;Ⅱ型的边界层逆温较突出,位势不稳定表现在925hPa以上,需要有克服逆温的动力条件才能发生冰雹;Ⅲ型的冰雹发生需要整层垂直风切变大,当低层温度较低时,要在较深厚的系统性抬升作用下才能使对流充分发展;Ⅳ型具有类似暴雨的特征,当中低层风切变很强时,有利雹暴出现;Ⅴ型的能量廓线为弱对流型或假对流型,对雹暴有利之处是有明显的超低温特征且湿球温度0℃层高度低,需要有明显的能量增长机制或中等强度的垂直风切变。