简介:CaSiofx-4500p计算器的各种功能较之fx-3600p、fx—180p等有了长足的进步。该机最大步骤数为1103步,具有转移和子程序功能,用以复杂的重复计算。该机不失为现场测量人员选用的较好机型,现简介如下:
简介:】本文介绍了测量导线计算平差时,在CASIOfx-4500p型计算器上使用的程序及操作
简介:<正>所谓3S技术即GPS、GIS、RS技术。GPS(全球定位系统)是英文缩写词NAVSTAR/GPS(NAVigationSystemTimeAndRanging/GlobalPositioningSystem)的简称。全称应为“测时测距导航系统/全球定位系统”。GPS是由美国研制,并投入实际应用的最新卫星定位系统。其主要目的是为飞机和船舶导航定位。也可以用于其它多种目的。GPS技术已在航空、航天、航海、军事、地质、石油、勘探、交通、测绘等领域得到广泛的应用。美国于1993年6月26日已将GPS21颗卫星和3颗备用卫星全部发射入轨。
简介:为3D城市建模的OGC标准广泛地在越来越多的应用被使用。它定义详细(到有增加精确性和结构的复杂性的LoD4的LoD0)的五个连续层次,在哪个LoD3包括所有外面的外观和几何细节并且随后要求许多存储空间。新LoD与象窗户,门以及更小的fa一样的LoD3模型和开的目标的外面的壳作为壳模型被介绍?果汁饮料目标被投射到墙上。在这份报纸,用户调查被介绍。这的结果调查壳模型能几乎给用户的表演象LoD3模型的一样的视觉印象。Furthermroe,算法被开发从LoD3提取壳模型模型。实验证明这个壳模型能减少原来的LoD3模型的多达90%存储。因此,一方面,它能为一个LoD3模型被用作一个代用品为小显示上的可视化。在另一方面,它能在CityGML被当作详细(SLoD3)的分段,自从它几乎保留信息的一样的数量,但是要求少得多存储空间。
简介:OnthebasisofthecharacteristicoftheperfectspatialdistributionoftheT/Paltimeterdata,aspatialharmonictidalanalysisisperformed,whichtransferstidalharmonicconstantsHandgofeachconstituentintoapairofparameters:thecosinepartUandsinepartV.Andeachpartisexpandedintoapolynomial.Thepolynomialcoefficientsareestimatedwithaltimeterdataupontheleastsquarescriteria.ThusthemodelsofprincipaltidalwavesintheSouthChinaSeaareestablished.72cyclesofT/Pdatafromcycle11through82areincludedinthecalculation.Themodelsareevaluatedwithdifferentapproachesanddataset.Theconclusionsarethatthetidemodescanprovidepartialtideamplitudeswith3cmaccuracy,andthatphaselagsdeviationofthosetideswithamplitudelargethan10cmarewithin±10°.
简介:Airborne3DimagewhichintegratesGPS,attitudemeasurementunit(AMU),scanninglaserrangefinder(SLR)andspectralscannerhasbeendevelopedsuccessfully.ThespectralscannerandSLRusethesameopticalsystemwhichensureslaserpointtomatchpixelseamlessly.Thedistinctiveadvantageof3Dimageisthatitcanproducegeo_referencedimagesandDSM(digitalsurfacemodels)imageswithoutanygroundcontrolpoints(GCPs).ItisnolongernecessarytosurveyGCPsandwithsomesoftwaresthedatacanbeprocessedandproducedigitalsurfacemodels(DSM)andgeo_referencedimagesinquasi_real_time,therefore,theefficiencyof3Dimageis10~100timeshigherthanthatoftraditionalapproaches.Theprocessingprocedureinvolvesdecomposingandcheckingtherawdata,processingGPSdata,calculatingthepositionsoflasersamplepoints,producinggeo_referencedimage,producingDSMandmosaicingstrips. Theprincipleof3Dimageisfirstintroducedinthispaper,andthenwefocusonthefastprocessingtechniqueandalgorithm.Theflighttestsandprocessedresultsshowthattheprocessingtechniqueisfeasibleandcanmeettherequirementofquasi_real_timeapplications.
简介:Severaldifferentstrategiesof3Dmodelingareadoptedfordifferentkindsofmanmadeobjects.Firstly,forthosemanmadeobjectswithregularstructure,if2Dinformationisavailableandelevationinformationcanbeobtainedconveniently,then3Dmodelingofthemcanbeexecuteddirectly.Secondly,forthosemanmadeobjectswithcomplicatedstructurecomparativelyandrelatedstereoimagespaircanbeacquired,inthelightoftopology-based3Dmodelwefinish3Dmodelingofthembyintegratingautomaticandsemi-automaticobjectextraction.Thirdly,forthemostcomplicatedobjectswhosegeometricalinformationcannotbegotfromstereoimagespaircompletely,weturntotopological3DmodelbasedonCAD.