钢轨焊缝电磁感应正火温度场仿真研究

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钢轨焊缝电磁感应正火温度场仿真研究

孟唱,蔡雅倩,徐明发,范宝明

(1.中铁上海工程局集团(苏州)轨道交通科技研究院有限公司,江苏 苏州 215100)

摘  要:基于有限元仿真软件,对钢轨焊缝电磁感应线圈温度场分布进行研究。首先,建立二维电磁感应线圈和钢轨焊缝的数学模型;其次,将二维模型导入Solidworks软件中,生成三维模型,再将三维模型导入至Comsol软件中,生成三维仿真模型;再次通过Comsol软件对线圈进行电磁场和温度场耦合分析,设定材料属性随温度变化而变化,设定线圈电流、频率等初始参数,同时设置热绝缘、热通量等边界条件;然后进行网格划分和计算分析。仿真结果显示:轨顶温度900.936℃,轨腰温度为848.935℃,轨底角温度为880.293℃,轨底温度为831.956℃,焊缝表面温差为68.98℃。最后,将分析结果与行业标准对比,验证本仿真模型的可行性和有效性;与现有文献对比,温度分布更均匀,仿真效果更好

关 键 词Comsol软件;温度场;钢轨焊缝;电磁感应线圈

中图分类号TG156.4文献标识码

Simulation study on electromagnetic induction normalizing temperature field of rail weld

Meng ChangCai YaqianXu MingfaFan Baoming

(1.China Railway Shanghai Engineering Group Suzhou Rail Transit Science and Technology Research Institute Co.,Ltd, Suzhou,Jiangsu 215100,China;)

Abstract: Based on finite element simulation software, the temperature field distribution of electromagnetic induction coil in rail weld is studied. Firstly, the mathematical model of two-dimensional electromagnetic induction coil and rail weld is established; Secondly, the two-dimensional model is imported into Solidworks software to generate a three-dimensional model, and then the three-dimensional model is imported into Comsol software to generate a three-dimensional simulation model; Thirdly, the electromagnetic field and temperature field of the coil are coupled by Comsol software, and the material properties are set to change with the temperature change, and the initial parameters such as coil current and frequency are set, and the boundary conditions such as thermal insulation and heat flux are set. Then the grid pision and calculation analysis are carried out. The simulation results show that the rail top temperature is 900.936, the rail waist temperature is 848.935, the rail bottom angle temperature is 880.293, the rail bottom temperature is 831.956, and the weld surface temperature difference is 68.98. Finally, the analysis results are compared with industry standards to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of this simulation model. Compared with th

e existing literature, the temperature distribution is more uniform and the simulation effect is better.

Key words: Comsol software; Temperature field; Rail weld; Electromagnetic induction coil

0引   言

钢轨焊缝是钢轨连接的关键部位,其质量直接影响着铁路的运行安全。在实际应用中,钢轨焊接后,为解决钢轨焊缝存在的应力集中、组织不均匀等问题,还应使用正火方法改变焊缝组织性能,消除焊接残余应力,从而提高钢轨焊缝的质量和可靠性[1]。其中,最重要的是通过控制电磁感应线圈结构、线圈与焊缝之间的距离、正火工艺参数等,使钢轨焊缝内部加热均匀,实现焊缝质量可控。而要使焊缝内部加热均匀,对于钢轨焊缝温度场分布仿真研究必不可少。

目前,学者们提出多种方法来计算温度场的分布情况,并通过一些方式调节焊缝表面温差、焊缝局部加热速度等,以使焊缝内部加热均匀,实现焊缝质量可控。如马再敏等[2]提出一种钢轨中频感应正火三维温度场数值模拟方法,该方法研究了电流、频率和感应加热器与钢轨之间间隙对钢轨最终温度场的影响规律,但该方法使用的是圆形线圈,仿真结果与实际使用差距较大。李强等[3]设计了一套感应器,使用Maxwell软件进行仿真实验,发现钢轨焊缝表面温差能控制在100℃,但并未对重要点温度进行分析,没验证仿真的准确性。黎伟[4]提出了使用ANSYS软件进行温度场数值模拟的方法,并将模拟结果与实际进行分析对比,但也存在局部点温度控制问题,并未给出电磁感应线圈的具体尺寸。总之,上述方法虽然都是研究焊缝温度场分布问题,但是却没有给出电磁感应线圈的具体尺寸或是符合现行加热标准的范围。

本文借助CADSolidworks软件建立数值模型,以Comsol仿真软件搭建钢轨加热的电磁-热耦合模型,对钢轨进行电磁场和温度场的相互耦合的数值模拟,得出钢轨焊缝的三维温度场分布云图和磁场分布云图,研究加载电流、电流频率和感应加热器与钢轨之间距离对钢轨焊缝最终温度场分布的影响;本研究对钢轨焊缝电磁感应线圈的设计和正火工艺参数的设置和调节具有指导意义

1基本理论

1.1 电磁感应基本原理

感应正火时,中频电源输出特定频率的交变电流,该电流通入感应器后,会在感应器内部及周围产生同频率的交变磁场[5]。当钢轨置于感应加热器内,交变磁场的磁力线切割钢轨,使钢轨内部产生涡流。因钢轨自身存在电阻,涡流会让钢轨内部发热,从而形成感应加热的内部热源。电磁场的数学描述遵循Maxwell’s方程组[6]其具体形式如下:

                                         (1)

                                         (2)

                                    (3)

                               (4)

满足以下结构方程:

                                          (5)

                                          (7)

                                          (6)

                                        (8)

经上述公式推到运算,可得电流密度公式:

                        (9)

经上述公式推到运算,可得感应加热过程中涡流产生的焦耳热功率密度qw/m3:

                                          (10)

热传导控制方程为:

                                (11)

式中:表示对矢量求散度,表示磁场强度,表示加载电流密度,表示电通量密度,表示磁感应强度,表示磁矢势,表示电场强度,表示介质磁导率,表示介电常数,表示介电导率,表示外部电流,表示钢轨密度,表示钢轨的比热容,表示热传导系数。

2建立模型

2.1 建立钢轨及电磁感应加热线圈仿真模型

2.1.1 建立CAD二维模型

图1 钢轨及电磁感应加热线圈平面结构示意图

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of plane structure of rail and electromagnetic induction heating coil

如图1所示,基于CAD软件建立电磁感应加热线圈和钢轨的二维平面模型,钢轨采用标准60钢轨尺寸,电磁感应加热线圈与钢轨之间留有一定的空间距离。

2.1.2 建立Solidworks三维模型

卡通人物  中度可信度描述已自动生成     图标  描述已自动生成

a)钢轨及电磁感应线圈结构示意图           b)正视图

图2 Solidworks三维数值模型

Fig. 2 Solidworks three-dimensional numerical model

基于Solidworks软件,将在CAD中绘制的钢轨和线圈模型导入Solidworks软件中,使用拉伸、旋转、剪切等命令,生成如图2所示的三维模型。

2.1.3 建立Comsol模型

将绘制的电磁感应加热线圈和钢轨的Solidworks模型导入至Comsol软件中,然后建立矩形空气域,完成电磁感应加热线圈和钢轨三维仿真模型的建立,如图3所示。

图示  中度可信度描述已自动生成

图3 Comsol三维仿真模型结构示意图

Fig. 3 structural diagram of comsol three-dimensional simulation model

2.2 材料参数设置

本文中感应加热电流频率为1300Hz,电流为16500A,线圈与钢轨之间的距离[7]:轨顶15mm,轨腰15mm,轨底角18mm,轨底20mm,线圈厚度10mm,其余部分尺寸可自定义,符合仿形钢轨设计即可,加热时间144s,初始温度293.15K

材料参数考虑其随温度变化的影响,不考虑相变潜热对温度场的影响[8],钢轨材料参数如表1所示。

1 钢轨材料主要参数

温度/℃

相对磁导率

电阻率Ω•m

比热容J/(kg•℃)

热导率W/(m)

25

200

1.84×10-7

472

93.23

100

194.5

2.54×10-7

480

87.68

200

187.6

3.39×10-7

198

83.53

300

181

4.35×10-7

524

80.44

400

169.8

5.41×10-7

560

78.13

500

157.3

6.56×10-7

615

76.02

600

140.8

7.90×10-7

700

74.16

700

100.36

9.49×10-7

1000

71.98

800

1

1.08×10-7

806

68.66

900

1

1.16×10-7

637

66.49

1000

1

1.20×10-7

602

65.92

感应加热线圈材料采用T2型号的紫铜,紫铜的密度为8.96g/cm3,熔点为1083℃,该材料具有良好的导电性、导热性和可塑性,电导率和热导率仅次于金属银,感应加热线圈参数如表2所示[9]

2 感应加热线圈参数

材质

相对磁导率

电导率

S/m

恒压热熔

J/(kg K)

密度

kg/m3

导热系数

W/(m K)

电阻率

Ω•m

紫铜

1

8.998e7

385

8940

400

1.667e-8

设置空气参数,模拟现实空气环境,具体参数如表3所示。

3 空气参数

材质

相对磁导率

相对介电常数

比热率

空气

1

1

1.4

2.3 创建物理环境及网格划分

2.3.1 创建物理环境

将空气域外边界设为热绝缘边界,热量仅在其内部转换和传递。选取伸出线圈端部截面为电源激励面,线圈激励方式采用单匝电流激励,其余参数用缺省值。钢轨两端截面设为热绝缘,整体设置为热通量,自定义传热系数,并设置对环境的辐射,建立顺序传热。

2.3.2 网格划分

钢轨、感应加热线圈和空气环境采用四面体网格划分,网格大小选择细化,并对钢轨表层进行边界层划分,边界层属性:层数4,拉伸因子1.5,厚度自动,厚度调节因子4

2.4 计算流程

4电磁感应加热计算流程图

Fig. 4 Flow chart of electromagnetic induction heating calculation

数据初始化后,耦合磁场和固体传热场顺序传热。若求解收敛,更新与温度相关的材料物理参数,计算下一个过程的温度分布;若不收敛,返回上一过程的温度场迭代计算。当程序完成规定加热时间内的求解,立即终止,如图4所示

3结果分析

3.1 电磁场模拟分析

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a)线圈腰部横向截面磁通密度-xoz切面

b)线圈纵向截面磁通密度-yoz切面

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c)线圈xoy切面磁通密度

5线圈磁通密度分布图

Fig. 5 Slip plane position of local sub-slip plane

从图5中可以看出,电磁感应线圈的磁场以流线等值线的形式表达,可以清晰表达线圈截面磁通密度的大小;如图a所示,显示线圈腰部横向截面144s时的磁通密度;如图b所示,显示线圈纵向截面的磁通密度;如图c所示,显示线圈xoy切面的磁通密度。

从图中可以看出,线圈整体上部磁感线分布较为密集,而底部分布较少;有可能是线圈延伸部分产生的磁场叠加到钢轨上部导致的。

3.2 温度场模拟分析

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黑暗里有灯光  中度可信度描述已自动生成

a1) 感应加热线圈整体温度分布

a2) 感应加热线圈整体温度分布

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屏幕上有字  描述已自动生成

b1)钢轨yoz切面温度三维图

b2) 钢轨yoz切面温度二维图

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图片包含 矩形  描述已自动生成

c1)钢轨xoz切面温度三维图

c2)钢轨xoz切面温度二维图

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游戏机里面的人物  低可信度描述已自动生成

d1)钢轨xoy切面温度三维图

d2)钢轨xoy切面温度二维图

图6 线圈温度仿真结果分布图

Fig. 6 Distribution diagram of simulation results of coil temperature

图a1为电磁感应线圈加热整体温度热通量分布情况,可看出感应加热线圈包裹钢轨,对钢轨焊缝进行正火加热,以改变钢轨内部组织性能。

图a2为电磁感应线圈加热温度瞬时切面分布,可见加热钢轨部分温度分布均匀,由中间向两边均匀扩散,加热温度在800-910℃之间。

从图b1和b2可知,钢轨yoz切面在线圈包围部位加热温度最高,随后向外逐渐递减,在钢轨中心位置加热温度较为集中。

从图c1和c2可知,加热钢轨在腰部横向切面的温度分布,在钢轨中心位置加热温度较为集中,然后逐渐向两端扩展。

从图d1和d2可知,加热钢轨在纵向切面的温度分布,在钢轨顶部位置、腰部位置和轨底角位置,加热温度较高,然后逐渐向内部扩散。

由图6可知,电磁感应加热线圈对焊缝的加热是从外表面开始向内部渗透,表面温度的高低由线圈与钢轨之间的距离决定;若想获得内部加热较为均匀的焊缝,应不断调整线圈结构,直至找出最佳正火距离。

3.3 仿真结果对比分析

7是在仿真软件中,提取焊缝6点温度进行分析,其钢轨焊缝电磁感应正火温度采集点应符合以下规定:

钢轨焊缝测温点包括焊缝顶部、焊缝底部、焊缝腰部两侧以及轨底角的两侧。

焊缝顶部和底部的测温点应位于焊缝中心线。

焊缝腰部的两个测温点应位于轨腰中间位置,且对称于焊缝中心线。

轨底角的两个测温点应位于轨底角边缘位置,且对称于焊缝中心线,不应超过轨脚边缘向内10mm

a)轨顶线温度分布

b)轨腰线温度分布

c)轨底角线温度分布

d)轨底线温度分布

图7 钢轨焊缝各线温度分布图

Fig. 7 temperature distribution of each line of rail weld

a-d 展示了焊缝表面的温度分布,其中焊缝中间纵面温度最高,轨顶点最高温度为 900.936℃,轨腰点最高温度为848.935℃,轨底角点最高温度为 880.293℃,轨底点最高温度为831.956℃。钢轨焊缝表面温差控制在 68.98℃,与李强等[3]的仿真结果相比,本研究的温差更小,温度分布更均匀,仿真效果更佳。

表4 结果对比分析

方法

电磁感应正火

轨顶/℃

轨底/℃

《钢轨焊接第2部分:闪光焊接》TB/T 1632.2-2014[10]

90020

800850

本文结果

900.936

831.956

由表4可知,本模型仿真结果完全符合现行行业标准《钢轨焊接》TB/1632.2[10]中关于中频电磁感应正火加热温度范围的规定,验证了本模型结果的准确性和可行性。

4结  论

1)基于工程传热学,建立了感应加热数学模型,将其应用于 Comsol有限元仿真,对比分析有限元仿真数据和实测数据,分析误差成因,修正有限元设置的参数,使计算精度符合行业标准要求。

2)本研究设计了仿形电磁感应加热线圈,经有限仿真分析,获得加热线圈磁场分布、钢轨焊缝截面加热分布图,且钢轨焊缝轨顶点、轨腰点、轨底角点和轨底点的表面最大温差为68.98℃,与李强等[3]分析结果相比较,本文磁场分布更均匀,加热效果更佳。

3)对比现行行业标准《钢轨焊接第2部分:闪光焊接》TB/T 1632.2[10],本模型温度仿真结果完全符合标准要求范围,验证了本模型建立的准确性和可行性,为钢轨焊缝电磁感应正火的研究提供科学可靠的参考依据。

参 考 文 献

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[6]任鑫润,吕其兵. 钢轨焊接接头感应加热电源三维数学模型及其控制策略研究[J]. 电焊机,2024,54(2):44-51.

[7]侯传基, 陈林. 改进钢轨轨头加热感应器的效果[J]. 金属热处理, 2013, 38(05): 126-128.

[8]张军. 中频感应加热电源在钢轨淬火生产线上应用的研究[D]. 北京:北京交通大学,2006.

[9]董晓蕊. 开合式电磁感应加热钢轨温度场仿真及实验研究[D]. 河北:燕山大学,2021.

[10]《钢轨焊接第2部分:闪光焊接》TB/T 1632.2-2014.

资助项目:中国中铁股份有限公司(2023-重点-15

作者简介:孟唱(1994),男,河南永城人,硕士,助理工程师,从事热处理方面的研究