接地电阻表的原理及使用

(整期优先)网络出版时间:2024-08-14
/ 2

接地电阻表的原理及使用

史补秀

  民航山西空管分局

摘要:在每年两次的换季中,地阻测量是换季工作的一项重要工作,作为参加工作30年的老机务员来说,几乎参加了每年的换季工作,也从没深究测量方法的正确与否,换季中按照多年来形成的方法和习惯测量和记录数据,直到今年在考取电工证学习期间才认识到换季中我们普遍存在的不正确的测量方法以及由此可能导致的后果。

关键词:接地电阻表;测量;原理

Principle and application of grounding resistance meter

Shi buxiu

Civil aviation Shanxi air traffic control branch bureau

During the season change twice a year, ground resistance measurement is an important work. As an old mechanic who has worked for 30 years, he almost participated in the season change every year, and never thoroughly studied whether the measurement method is correct or not. During the season change, he measured and recorded data according to the methods and habits formed over the years, and didn't realize the incorrect measurement method and the possible consequences in the season change until he obtained the electrician certificate this year. Keywords: grounding resistance meter; Measurement; principle

Principle and application of grounding resistance meter Shi buxiu Civil aviation Shanxi air traffic control branch bureau During the season change twice a year, ground resistance measurement is an important work. As an old mechanic who has worked for 30 years, he almost participated in the season change every year, and never thoroughly studied whether the measurement method is correct or not. During the season change, he measured and recorded data according to the methods and habits formed over the years, and didn't realize the incorrect measurement method and the possible consequences in the season change until he obtained the electrician certificate this year.

Keywords: grounding resistance meter; Measurement; principle

    一、工作原理

接地电阻表是一种特殊的电阻表,用于测量地线的电阻值。其工作原理基于欧姆定律:当电流通过一个电阻时,电阻产生的电压与电流成正比。在测量地线电阻时,接地电阻表通过电极与地面接触,通过内置电流源向地中注入一定的电流,然后通过内置的电压测量仪器来测量由地线产生的电压,再基于欧姆定律计算地线电阻。

二、测量原理

接地电阻表的测量原理是将地线产生的电压与注入的电流之比,即测得的电压除以注入的电流,可以得到地线的电阻值,这个原理也被称作电压比法

在测量地线电阻时,需要通过接地电阻表的电极将电流注入地中。电极应置于与地面接触的质量好的大面积导体上。同时,注入的电流应超过工频电流的10倍以上,以消除地面其它干扰因素的影响。仪器内置的电流源流经地线,产生一定的电压。此时,经过地线和土壤的电压已被消耗,在接地电阻表上显示的电压就是地线本身产生的电压。

  三、注意事项

1、如果被测电极接地电阻很大或在地下断线,则测量仪表中的电流源或发电机就会开路,然后开路电压通过内部地线系统传导到内部仪器、设备的机壳上。手摇发电机的开路电压一股为100V以上,电池供电的电流源开路电压一股在50V以下。

2、如果内部用电设备泄漏电流,将从被测电极向大地注入电流,在周围的地面上产生电压降,叫做地电压,地电压小则影响测量结果,大则威胁人员安全或损坏接地电阻表,

3、有些不规范的接地方法,把原本独立的两个接地系统通过仪器、设备的机壳连接起来,接地电阻表测得的电阻值并不是单个接地电阻,而是两个系统接地电阻的并联值,甚至被测接地电极断线也不能发现。

接地电阻测量时较好断开地线,如不能则应注意避免上述情况发生,做到:

  (1)先测是地电压,如果EC两点地电压大于测量仪表的要求,则应关掉相关用电设备,必要时关团电源。

(2)检查并确定被测电极接地良好,查看两种独立接地系统的连接情况,排除不规范的接地点。现在一股要求接地系统共用地电极,所以不存在两个独立的接地电极,不用考虑外部连接情况。检查断线可以采用测量环路电阻的方法。

参考文献:

[1]陈杰.接地电阻表及其使用注意事项[J].农村电工,2019,27(04):35.

【2】朱崇巧,黄明.接地电阻表常见故障及维修方法[J].铁道技术监督,2022,50(01):34-38.

【3】胡俊,梅军.一种智能复合开关应用在电阻表检定装置的可行性研究[J].中国计量,2023(11):127-130.