装配式建筑电气设计与安装

装配式建筑电气设计与安装

赵伟权

中集模块化建筑投资有限公司

摘要：发达国家传统建筑由于建造成本高昂，需要寻找一种成本低廉、绿色环保可替代传统建筑的新型建造方式，这促使装配式建筑的出现。自从2015年以来，我国也开始大力推动装配式建筑的发展和逐渐提出相关的政策要求。因为装配式建筑具有高效、快速、可持续发展等特点，逐渐受到人们的广泛关注，越来越多人接受这种新型建造方式。

关键词：装配式建筑；机电设计；安装

引言

在装配式建筑中，机电系统的设计和安装有着举足轻重的地位。本论文将详细阐述装配式建筑机电系统的优势、设计与规划以及安装与调试，并提出一些改进和优化的建议，以进一步提高其效率和质量。

1机电系统在装配式建筑中优势：

机电系统是装配式建筑四大系统之一，通过在车间预先制作部件和组件后，在落地现场快速组装和搭建的建筑方式。其中，机电系统包括暖通、电力和给排水等子系统。与传统建筑机电系统相比较，装配式建筑机电系统具有众多优点：

首先，装配式建筑机电系统将机电设备的安装过程从现场转移到工厂内进行，通过生产线的流水作业，提高了建造的效率，避免了现场施工无法确定的因素，如天气、人力等，从而提高施工的效率。

其次，在工厂内进行预制和装配可以保证机电设备的精确度和一致性。相比现场施工，装配式建筑机电系统能够更好地控制误差，提高施工质量。

第三，装配式建筑采用预先安装机电设备系统，可以大大降低施工的周期。在工厂中，机电系统可以与建筑其他部分同时进行建造，然后在现场简单安装拼接。这种快速建设的优势使装配式建筑成为应对紧急情况或临时性需求的理想选择。

其次，装配式建筑的机电系统在工厂环境下进行制造和测试，可以实现更高水平的质量控制。装配式建筑的机电系统更容易检查、调试和保证质量。使得机电系统变得更安全可靠和持久。

此外，装配式建筑机电系统将装修建造过程转移到工厂车间里，减少对建筑落地现场环境的破坏和污染。它能够减少土地和资源的使用，降低噪音、粉尘和废弃物的产生，对环境更加友好。

另外，装配式建筑机电系统具有灵活和可持续的特性。它可以根据具体需求进行定制和调整，方便后期的维护和更新。而且，装配式建筑通常使用可回收和可再利用的材料，并且在生产和运输过程中产生较少的废物和碳排放减少资源消耗和环境影响，符合可持续发展的理念。

最后，机电系统经过准确的设计和生产安装，从而提高了能效。通过预先安装高效的隔热材料、节能设备和智能控制系统，装配式建筑可以降低能源消耗并提高室内空间的舒适度。此外，由于模块化设计的优势，可以更容易地对机电系统进行维护和升级，以进一步提高能源效率。

2装配式建筑机电系统设计与规划

装配式建筑机电系统设计涉及对机电设备、管道和布线等进行规划和设计。在进行装配式建筑机电系统设计的时候，设计人员往往需要充分考虑以下几个方面：
    首先，对建筑的功能和使用需求进行分析，包括建筑类型、使用用途、人员流量、能源需求等，以确定机电系统的类型、规模和功能。
    考虑到模块化设计，需要在机电系统设计中考虑模块的尺寸和布局，确保机电设备能够合理地安装在模块中，并且与其他模块之间的连接和通道不产生干涉。
根据建筑应用场景需求和功能要求，选择合适的机电设备，并为建筑进行合理配置，包括空调系统、排风系统、电力系统、照明系统、给排水系统、消防系统等。
    设计机电系统的集成和控制方式，确保各个子系统之间能够协调运行，包括设备之间的联动控制、自动化控制系统的设计和集成。
    随着科技的发展，人们越来越注重智能化和自动化，可以考虑使用智能控制系统、远程监控和自动化设备等，提高建筑的运行效率和舒适度。
    在设计与规划的过程中还要考虑节能与环保，采用高效能源设备、智能控制系统、使用节能控制系统、合理布置管道和风道等，达到减少能源消耗和对环境污染的效果，实现绿色建筑的目标。
    机电系统设计需要符合相关的安全标准和规范，确保建筑中的机电设备运行安全可靠，考虑设备的安全性能、防火、防爆、防水防潮等要求，并且采取一些适当的安全保护措施，确保各个系统的可靠运行和使用人员的安全。
    最后，需要考虑设备的维护和管理便利性，在布置和安装时需考虑易维修性、易更换性以及设备管理系统的设计，方便后期的维护工作。
3装配式建筑机电系统的安装与调试

装配式建筑的机电系统安装需要高度的协调和精确性，关键在于省时高效。装配式建筑机电系统的安装与调试可以按照以下步骤进行：

在进行安装与调试之前，需要根据建筑设计和机电系统进行图纸设计，并且确保完成施工现场的准备工作。

根据设计图纸和安装计划，严格按照规范要求，逐步安装机电设备。在安装过程中，设备需要固定牢靠，连接机电设备之间的管道线时，管线必须连接牢固并且密封性要好。对机电系统的控制系统（传感器、控制器、开关等）、配电系统（配电箱柜、电缆、插座等）和照明设备（灯具、开关等）进行布线和连接。

在完成机电设备的安装后，需要对各个系统进行调试和测试。逐一开启设备，检查它们的运行状态和参数值是否处于正常水平。对于暖通、给排水等系统，需要进行冷热水、冷热风等系统的调试和平衡。避免管道漏水和电路故障。测试系统的各项功能和性能，如温度、湿度、照明等。并对相应的系统进行必要调整和优化，确保系统的安全、可靠和符合设计要求。

4装配式建筑机电系统设计及安装常见问题

装配式建筑设计自由度有一定限制和有限的设计灵活性，装配式建筑机电系统的安装常常会面临空间限制、接口对接不上、联动控制困难以及质量参差等问题。

由于装配式建筑是模块化设计可能会导致工作空间受限，造成安装过程中操作不便。机电设备的安装往往需要考量模块内部空间的使用和布局。可以优化设备的布置，采用紧凑型设备或者定制化设计。并且安排专业的施工队伍和合理的工作流程，保证安装井然有序地进行。

装配式建筑内部机电需要与其他模块或外部的管道、设备进行接口对接。这涉及到连接方式、密封性和协同施工等问题，要确保连接的准确和可靠。

机电系统中的各个设备需要进行联动控制，确保各个系统能够顺利协调运转。在装配式建筑中，由于设备的分散安装，联动控制可能会面临一定的困难。采用智能化控制系统，从而通过网络连接和远程监控实现设备的联动控制。

由于施工环境和工艺的特殊性，质量控制可能会面临一定的挑战。可以通过加强施工过程的监督和检查，采用标准化的施工工艺和质量控制措施来保证质量。

结束语

如今，伴随着我国装配式建筑的使用和渐渐普及，装配式建筑机电系统具有巨大潜力，可以满足人们对高质量、低成本建筑的需求。通过加强机电系统设计与施工的协同，提高设计标准和规范的统一性，优化供应链管理等措施，可以进一步提高装配式建筑机电系统的效率和质量。相信随着技术不断进步和经验的积累，装配式建筑机电系统将在未来得到更广泛的应用和发展。
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                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