Sri Lanka's China Policy and Cooperation

Sri Lanka's China Policy and Cooperation

Yifan,Yang

1 1 School of Environmental and Public Health Management, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong;

Abstract. The democratic socialist republic of Sri Lanka is a single republic in the Indian Ocean and the south of the Indian subcontinent. It is also a member of the Commonwealth. The country, formerly known as Ceylon, was once a colony of several western countries, controlled by Britain in the 19th and 20th centuries; On February 4, 1948, Ceylon declared autonomy [26]. In 1972, Ceylon abolished the monarchy and changed it to its current name. The strategic significance of the country in the Indian Ocean and South Asia is mainly manifested in two aspects: first, Sri Lanka has a number of deepwater port, in ancient times is the key to the maritime silk route node, town is also seen as navy during World War ii. Second, some of Sri Lanka's ports are pivotal in bypassing energy alternatives to the strait of malacca. Sri Lanka is an important part of the maritime silk road strategy proposed by China. Yet the country's pro-china policy of Rajapaksa, a former government of the new Sirisena government in 2015, has been in trouble for years. Sri Lanka's foreign policy and national conditions are presented in this paper make a brief introduction, in short, Sri Lanka, promoting economic development of multilateral diplomacy, but the race also affect Sri Lanka's internal affairs and to India, will affect its foreign policy with the rest of the world.

1.  Education Situation

Sri Lanka's education history can be traced back to the 4th century BC, with the introduction of Buddhism from India, Sri Lanka, started building around the temple, the temple became Sri Lanka's learning center at that time. Today, Sri Lanka's ministry of education has developed the education sector development framework and programme (ESDFP) including the national education programme (EFA) and the millennium development goals (MDGS) [26]. UNESCO has also pledged to help the country improve its education quality strategy framework, and the Asian development bank and the world bank have agreed to provide financial support.

Sri Lanka has always attaches great importance to the education career, the education population is one of the highest in developing countries, age workers primary school enrollment rate reached 100%, middle school education enrollment rate reached 80%, the country's literacy rate around 91% [14]. In 1942, Sri Lanka set up a free education system, free education from kindergarten to university. Since 1980, students have not only been free of tuition, but the government has also provided free textbooks, uniforms and lunches to students under the 10th grade for free.

Sri Lanka existing public university, the Open University and other kinds of nearly 50 colleges and universities and the higher professional schools, including 15 public universities and 17 graduate school of postgraduate education provided, can be awarded bachelor's, master's and doctoral degree from the university scholarship committee (UGC) is responsible for the day-to-day management. In addition, the country also has three institutions of higher learning, such as the university of Pali. Colleges and universities recruit students from the average BBB 0 certificate (A/L) level in the examination [8]. The British education system is implemented in colleges and universities, which is generally implemented for two semesters and courses. It takes three years to get a bachelor's degree, and one to two years for master's degree, and three years for doctor. Sri Lanka's official language is Sinhala and Tamil, but English is spoken in universities.

Sri Lanka existing public university, the Open University and other kinds of nearly 50 colleges and universities and the higher professional schools, including 15 public universities and 17 graduate school of postgraduate education provided, can be awarded bachelor's, master's and doctoral degree from the university scholarship committee (UGC) is responsible for the day-to-day management. In addition, the country also has three institutions of higher learning, such as the university of Pali. Colleges and universities recruit students from the average BBB 0 certificate (A/L) level in the examination [15]. The British education system is implemented in colleges and universities, which is generally implemented for two semesters and courses. It takes three years to get a bachelor's degree, and one to two years for master's degree, and three years for doctor. Sri Lanka's official language is Sinhala and Tamil, but English is spoken in universities.

At present, in the school facilities improve, Sri Lanka, though free uniforms and free lunch provided has made certain progress, but because of the great postwar military facilities maintenance cost a lot of defense spending, coupled with government policies tend to be more into the hardware infrastructure, rather than in welfare and lead to a serious shortage of national spending on education [7]. Among all the middle-income countries in the world, public investment in education is only 1 per cent of its gross national product. At the bottom of the list, at the bottom of the list, the average middle-income country in the rich world is spending on education, with a GDP of 4.6%. In 2005, the government invested 82% of education in secondary schools and primary schools[30]. However, the number of schools in the country has declined slightly over the past decade, from 10552 in 2001 to 10117 in 2008 and 10492 in 2010.

Although the public education system is dominant in Sri Lanka, private education has also played a role, and private education has been expanding rapidly. Currently, 35% of Sri Lanka's education total investment is borne by parents, so the education system in Sri Lanka should not be called free education. Because of the rapid decline in the quality of public education, parents have to send their children to private training institutions. Since only a small fraction of eligible Sri Lankan students can be admitted to public universities, parents have had to find other ways to get their children to accept education. In recent years, government investment in Sri Lanka's education has been declining. In Sri Lanka's total investment budget for education in 2005, education accounted for 14% of the total, up from just one in 2008 [25]. Forty-two percent of the government's investment is in higher education, which accounts for 0 percent of the country's GDP.42% [1]. The lack of higher education has forced public universities to reform and gradually start charging. To charge the graduate students for the course fees and help the university to bear some of the expenses. Therefore, in such a shortage of funds boring university system, some are widely recognized and demand of the professional to graduate student fees, university graduate students of university have become the nonprofit sector.

2.  Religion and Culture

Sri Lanka's main ethnic group is the Sinhalese majority, and ethnic minorities such as Tamils, Sri Lanka's moors and Malays. The Sinhalese and Tamil communities have long had trouble. As early as the 5th and 16th centuries, the two tribes set up a kingdom on the island of Sri Lanka. In colonial times, immigrants began to migrate to Sri Lanka; For example, during the British colonial period, the British moved Indian Tamil workers to Sri Lanka plantations. For the Sinhalese majority, these immigrants brought not only cultural and class conflict, but also the symbols of colonial rule. Some ethnic minorities regard the Sinhalese nationalist policies as oppressive to ethnic minorities and religion.

The contradictions between the two ethnic groups are reflected in Sri Lanka's internal affairs. As early as 1919, per capita Sinhala and Tamil demands increase voice in parliament, but for each other "Colombo seats" in parliament, system arrangement for the colonists began to intensify contradictions. In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1948, the ruling united Kuomintang (UNP) policy supported ethnic minorities and their religion and was criticized by the Sinhalese. In the wake of the 1956 election, the liberal party (SLFP), S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike, changed the official language to Sinhala, which other ethnic groups saw as discriminatory. In 1971, the government introduced a standardized policy on student schooling, which discriminated against Tamils and led to the condemnation of Tamil groups at home and abroad.

Sri Lanka's ethnic problems are concentrated in the civil war., multiple Tamil organisations have since the 60 s of Tamil Eelam (roughly the coastal areas of northern Sri Lanka island) independent, established in 1976, is the most famous of the Tamil tigers (LTTE) [20]. In 1981, the government's military police burned the library of the Tamil town of Jaffna, inflating ethnic hatred and eventually leading to civil war. In the decades that followed, the army and the tigers fought over the Iram region. The tigers have also begun to carry out terrorist attacks and assassinations, which have seriously affected the society and development of the country. After Rajapaksa was elected President in 2005, he attacked the tigers and declared the civil war officially over in May 2009.

3.  Politics

Because as a political majority Sinhalese showed strong national consciousness, Sri Lanka, support national independence, attaches great importance to the multilateral diplomacy, and actively developing relations with the third world, and because of its multicultural and colony colour, with the western countries have also maintained close contact, at the same time, Sri Lanka's ethnic problems, affecting the country's relations with neighboring India north, caused a certain impact on the country's international image.

  Sri Lanka's overall foreign policy is friendly diplomacy that is non-aligned, non-hostile and actively involved in multilateral organizations. On the international community, the country has been major forces in international and regional cooperation, including neighboring India, Pakistan and Iran, and America, Europe, China, Japan, Russia and other countries and regions have established friendly cooperative relations with Sri Lanka. Its foreign policy can be pided into three categories, including neighboring countries' diplomacy, multilateral diplomacy and great power diplomacy.

  Sri Lanka's neighbors tend to have similar historical backgrounds, such as the Malpian majority, which also comes from southern India, where the language is similar to Sinhala. India, Malpes, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Iran and other countries around Sri Lanka have been influenced and controlled by the UK, and have had similar nationalistic appeals. Sri Lanka has close economic ties with its neighbors, such as Sri Lanka's trade with the Malpes more than twice that of India before 1970.Sri Lanka is a south Asian association for regional cooperation (SAARC), south Asian free trade area (SAFTA) and the bay of Bengal multidisciplinary technology is one of the founders of the organization for economic cooperation (BIMSTEC), and compared with India, Bangladesh and other countries signed a number of social culture and economic development in the areas of bilateral communication protocol. For the border issue, Sri Lanka usually deals with negotiations, for example by negotiating a trilateral settlement with the Malpes and India in the gulf of manna.

  Sri Lanka is an active participant in several international organizations. Because of the colonial background, Ceylon government part of multilateral diplomacy with the western color, for example, set up in the early 1950 s, Colombo plan was led by Britain, India, Australia, the United States aid commonwealth countries cooperation organization. At the Colombo conference in 1954, Sri Lanka advocated regional cooperation against communist movements in south and southeast Asia. At the same time, as a member of the national independence movement after world war ii, Sri Lanka, advocates multilateral diplomacy, foreign between developing countries and third world countries, call for an end to ideological confrontation, seek development cooperation. Sri Lanka, a member of the non-aligned movement, hosted the fifth non-aligned movement summit in Colombo in August 1976.It is also one of the founding members of the intergovernmental organizations (g-24) and the group of 77 (g-77), international financial and development services. In addition, Sri Lanka maintains positive interactions with the African union, the Arab league and Asean countries.

4.  Economy

Sri Lanka maintains friendly relations based on economic cooperation with several major powers.The United States is one of the first countries to recognize Sri Lanka's independence and has provided $2 billion in aid to Sri Lanka since its autonomy.Ceylon also established diplomatic relations and economic cooperation with the former Soviet union in 1956. Russia also provided military advisers, weapons and diplomatic support to the government forces during the Sri Lankan civil war. In Japan during world war ii has been bombed the Sri Lanka, but part of Ceylon nationalist movement leaders view Japan as Ceylon from Britain, such as Nilmini folklife (J.R. Jayewardene) conference in San Francisco in 1945 to defend Japan. The two countries have maintained various cooperative relations for more than 60 years after the founding of Ceylon.

  Among the major powers, Sri Lanka is particularly close to its northern neighbour, India. The two countries have entered into bilateral free trade agreements since 2000, and India has also provided development assistance to Sri Lanka in areas such as health, education and culture [14]. Sri Lanka and India's cultural roots, printing, the two countries will protect buddhist cultural heritage has carried out a number of cooperation, the current Modi Indian government also with blood ties between the two countries promote relations. Yet India's support for Tamils in the 1980s, particularly in 1987, has affected relations between the two countries.

Sri Lanka maintains positive interactions with China. China and Ceylon have a long history and can be traced back to Zheng He's voyages to the western seas. After the founding of new China, the government of Ceylon recognized the People's Republic of China in January 1950 and was one of the first countries to establish diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China[2]. China is an observer of the non-aligned movement and the only "special invitation country" of G24. In international affairs involving developing countries, the two countries share similar interests and aspirations. During the Sri Lankan civil war, China supported the government's anti-secession efforts and provided assistance to the Sri Lankan government forces. When government forces against the tigers assault in 2009, China and Russia at the United Nations against the armistice requirements proposed by the European and American countries, provide the support for the face of international condemnation of the Sri Lankan government.

Many analysts believe that Sri Lanka's China policy came to a turning point after Sirisena took office. During Rajapaksa's administration, relations between China and Sri Lanka heated up rapidly, making progress in several areas. On the economic front, China is Sri Lanka's largest Asian trading partner and largest investor. In 2007, Sri Lanka signed an investment promotion agreement with China [31]. It allows Chinese companies to invest in the Sri Lanka special economic zone. When President Xi Jinping paid a state visit to Sri Lanka in September 2014, the two countries began consultations on a bilateral free trade agreement, which was expected to be completed in 2015.In the energy sector, Sri Lanka has approved Chinese companies to develop its oil resources, while China has built two geothermal power plants for Sri Lanka. At the same time, Chinese enterprises are subject to a series of infrastructure investment in Sri Lanka, such as enterprise owns an 85% stake in Colombo container ports in China, the export-import bank of China in E03 highway construction provides most of the funds, the project also is in the charge of China metallurgical group[10]. The international community is particularly concerned about the cooperation between the two countries. Between September and November 2014, Chinese nuclear submarines visited Sri Lanka several times, which has attracted the attention of many western countries and India.

When Sirisena came to power, his policy shift was reflected in two aspects. On the one hand, the government has seized on the corruption of former President Rajapaksa, promising a thorough investigation into the corrupt dealings of the former government, and reassessing some of China's investment in Sri Lanka [7]. Sri Lanka, on the other hand, has begun to push hard for relations with countries such as India, such as Sirisena's claim to "balance diplomacy" when he took office, and to put India and Japan ahead of China. India's prime minister, Narendra Modi, has also actively promoted India's relations with India. In February, Modi said Sri Lanka and India were "the closest neighbors and partners" and "our destiny is closely linked". India has also offered alternatives to Chinese investment, such as India's nuclear energy solution. International analysts see these factors as a sign that Sri Lanka will gradually play down its ties with China.

5.  Environment

Sri Lanka is an island nation in the Indian Ocean, on the southern tip of the subcontinent and across the Indian peninsula [31]. Sri Lanka is located in the temperate maritime climate distribution area, various factors have produced its mild and appropriate environment, very suitable for people to live. Sri Lanka has beautiful scenery, rich tourism resources and a paradise for tourists. Sri Lanka is a tropical monsoon climate. Coastal area average maximum temperature 31.3 ℃, the average minimum temperature of 23.8 ℃. The average maximum temperature in the mountain area is 26.1, with an average minimum temperature of 16.5. There are no seasons, only the difference between the rainy season and the dry season, which runs from May to August and from November to February, when the southwest monsoon and the northeast monsoon pass through Sri Lanka. The annual rainfall in the southwest is 2,540 mm to 5,080 mm, and the northwest and southeast are less than 1,250 mm [5]. The main island of Sri Lanka is generally pear-shaped, and the central and southern parts of the island are plateaus. Among them, the Pidulutaranga mountain is 2,524 meters above sea level, which is the highest point in the country [9]. The north and the coast are plains. The river is short and fast. It originates from the Mahavili river in the central part of Sri Lanka and flows to the northeast. It eventually flows into the bay of ting Malian, which is 335 kilometers long and is the largest river in Sri Lanka.

Central Sri Lanka in southwestern mountainous area and the coastal part concentrated the essence of the most worth visiting in Sri Lanka, in a National treasure of the Buddha's tooth Kandy holy city (Kandy), high mountain tea garden Nuwara Eliya, known as little Africa Yala National Park and the breeze swaying in the Indian Ocean beaches, these areas also have their own characteristics.

The vast central mountainous area has preserved the traditional Sinhalese culture more fully in the mountains [28]. Traced back to the 10th century Ceylon islands were the Portuguese colonial times, most coastal areas soon surrender to the invaders, represented by Kandy kingdom in the middle of the mountain have resistance to European colonial for 300 years, is still the heart of the Sinhalese capital [11]. The central mountains are covered with green vegetation, and the high-altitude tea garden that the old train rumbles through, gives you an illusion of time travel. The west coast is mainly centered on Colombo, north to Neganbo and Bandaranaike airport, along the coast of Matara, a small coastal town. In addition to Colombo, the southwestern coastal towns are almost small, and can be seen in half a day or a day. Most of these coastal cities have backpackers in the sea. The north of Sri Lanka has just recovered from the civil war, and there are few tourists, but there are also unique landscapes, such as roads and railways that cross the sea near Jaffna [6]. Sri Lanka, quiet, comfortable and friendly, but also one of the cleanest country in South Asia, not a lot of specialized facilities and travel team, as a whole is very suitable for vacation, travel to Sri Lanka, will let you harvest different feel.

She is known as "the tears of the Indian Ocean", a beautiful beach, the ancient city of one thousand, the Netherlands castle and rich tropical plants and animals, this is the dharma infiltration country, after the war, but the lotus flower in full bloom. She was once called Ceylon, and now she has a more beautiful name, Sri Lanka [15]. In 2009, the cover of the lonely planet traveler's handbook featured a photo of a fisherman on the beach. In Sri Lanka, which the neritic Koggala area near the coast, traditionally used this unique way of fishing, once poor fishermen can't afford to buy a boat, they invented fishing methods on stilts, points minutes to catch many fish. This "world's best fishing method" is now available to you.

The best black tea in the world is the Ceylon black tea produced here. It has long been a symbol of Sri Lanka, with its long history and its mellow taste [18]. Because Sri Lanka used to be ruled by the British, the old red wall white brick house, blooming rose garden. There is an aesthetic feeling in England. Sri Lanka's almost universal buddhist, public radio and loudspeakers play the classics every morning and evening; The temple is flourishing every day. Among the 65,000 square kilometers of land, there are more than 6,500 temples, and countless beautiful temples and colorful murals, nearly one in 10 square kilometers. So people say that Sri Lanka is a tear from the Buddha.

6.  Cooperation with China

The One Belt and One Road initiative has entered a comprehensive stage of development, and Sri Lanka will play an important role in the 21st century maritime silk road with its special geographical position. Education cooperation and exchange is an important support of the construction of the "area" and the important content, medium and long run, to implement the maritime silk road economic strategy, to keep the cooperation with Sri Lanka friendly continued for a long time, the appropriate education communication strategy will play an irreplaceable role [3]. Based on combing the education system, education situation, education demand in Sri Lanka, on the basis of problem oriented, from the perspective of mutual benefit and win-win results, and puts forward the relevant strategies for Sri Lanka education communication, aims to provide a reference for education administration and education institutions in our country, promoting the healthy development, cooperation and communication in construction of power "in" all the way.

The "silk road economic belt" and "the 21st century maritime silk road" (One Belt and One Road) initiative proposed by China in 2013 have been widely welcomed by the international community. It serves as a common vision for cooperation and openness of countries along the belt and road. It meets the needs of peaceful development and provides a rare opportunity for deepening cooperation, achieving win-win results and complementing each other's strengths [20]. In March 2015, and the silk road economic belt and the 21st century the vision and action of the Marine silk road ", the outline of a roadmap for "area" system, "all the way along the" began to advance. In July 2016, the ministry of education issued the "promotion of One Belt and One Road" education operation, which indicates that One Belt And One Road strategy is officially launched in education.

Sri Lanka is referred to as "the pearl of the Indian Ocean", a beautiful natural scenery and rich natural resources, is a vital transport link to the Indian Ocean, is the ancient "Marine silk road" and "silk road" of the land the downtown intersection [4]. Sri Lanka has played an important role in its special geographical location, whether it is the ancient maritime trade or the current 21st century maritime silk road.

Sri Lanka and China has long-term friendly relations of cooperation. It is the first in the form of official statement supporting the construction of our country "maritime silk road" in the 21st century initiative [22]. It is the warmest attitude to South Asia, one of the most positive response. The cooperation on the new silk road at sea is not only a rational decision based on historical experience, but also a strategic choice for achieving mutual benefit and win-win outcome for the future. Sri Lanka lent strong new maritime silk road, it will position itself as the world's shipping, energy transport, tourism and trade center, the idea and implementation of development strategies are included in developing tourism, upgrade infrastructure, shipping center and logistics port as well as attracting foreign direct investment, are highly fit with China's maritime silk road planning.

To implement the maritime silk road strategy and maintain the long-term and friendly cooperation between the two countries, the appropriate education communication strategy will play an irreplaceable role [12]. Education cooperation and exchange is not only the important contents of the construction of the "region" and support, and can also provide relevant national bridge and interlinked, provide policy for countries along the smooth communication, trade, financing, unicom's supporting facilities. However, how to bring education cooperation and communication into practice, and how to play the unique role of education cooperation to the greatest extent is worthy of our consideration.

When Sirisena came to power, his policy shift was reflected in two aspects. On the one hand, the government has seized on the corruption of former President Rajapaksa, promising a thorough investigation into the corrupt dealings of the former government, and reassessing some of China's investment in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka, on the other hand, has begun to push hard for relations with countries such as India, such as Sirisena's claim to "balance diplomacy" when he took office, and to put India and Japan ahead of China. India's prime minister, Narendra Modi, has also actively promoted India's relations with India [21]. In February, Modi said Sri Lanka and India were "the closest neighbors and partners" and "our destiny is closely linked". India has also offered alternatives to Chinese investment, such as India's nuclear energy solution. International analysts see these factors as a sign that Sri Lanka will gradually play down its ties with China.

There are several reasons for Sri Lanka's policy shift towards China. First, racial factors, India's prime minister, Modi had welcome domestic Tamils in Sri Lanka seems Senna's unified the Kuomintang is supported by the Tamils and therefore its policy towards India. Second, former President Rajapaksa is Mired in a corruption scandal, and opaque investment deals are one of the main criticisms of the former opposition, and Chinese investment has become a populist target [16]. In addition, the new government also stressed the development of Sri Lanka's processing manufacturing industry, and the importance of financial cooperation and investment attraction with China has been reduced. Finally, the American, Japanese and Indian media played up the China threat before the election, suggesting that China's intention to establish the so-called "pearl chain" also had an impact on Sri Lanka's public opinion.

Rajapaksa failed again in August when his party's coalition, the people's freedom coalition, was defeated in the parliamentary election by Sirisena's unification party[6]. Rajapaksa's political life is likely to end because of political scandals and allegations. This could mean that the Sirisena government will continue to push for "pro-print" foreign policy. From the perspective of diplomatic history, Rajapaksa enjoys high degree of support from the civil war and is closely related to China because of the civil war and other reasons. As a friendly but non-aligned country, Sri Lanka's diplomacy will eventually strike a balance between the big powers, without a one-sided policy.

In the long run, however, is unlikely to completely subvert the former policy in Sri Lanka after the political stable, Prof Senna before the government and the Chinese government is likely to continue to cash some promise, China's investment in Sri Lanka is good still, ethnic problems are just beginning to heal, and Sri Lanka through twists and turns of relationship still exists uncertainty, in terms of geopolitics, the only big country India to South Asia also means losing diplomatic autonomy.

7.  Conclusion

To sum up, Sri Lanka's internal policy on Tamils' relaxation and India's strong influence has affected Sri Lanka's China policy. For China, on the one hand, we should be aware of the current limitations of China's soft power, learn from the setbacks of the "go out" strategy, and take remedial measures in time. On the other hand, Chinese enterprises need to stand up for their own interests and play a rational game with the new government of Sri Lanka. After all, the two parties can only take their own needs in cooperation. The most important thing is to ensure the efficient development of the domestic economy. Sri Lanka always emphasizes economic construction, while the strong and stable Chinese economy will make Sri Lanka seek economic cooperation. At the same time, the country's ethnic problems should remain an important indicator of future policy trends in Sri Lanka.

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