读后续写讲评课教学活动设计初探

(整期优先)网络出版时间:2021-04-28
/ 5

读后续写讲评课教学活动设计初探

姚勇

广州市增城区第一中学


【摘 要】 本文是校级课题《整合问题链、思维链和活动链,开展高中英语读写教学研究》的一个教学案例,学习内容是在读后续写指导课后,探讨如何实现学生作品情节和语言的准确性,设计了多种形式的学习活动,如原文故事回顾、学生习作中情节准确性的对比、改错、小结、美句欣赏、小组合作完成改写等。通过这节读后续写讲评课,学生在第二次写作中能够实现情节的连贯性和语言的正确性。


【关键词】读后续写;讲评课;课堂实践研究


一、前言

在阅读教学中,教师容易受应试化影响过于关注对课时语言知识点的解析,所采取的教学方法是让学生死记硬背语言知识点,或者是通过反复的习题训练,加强其对语言知识应用方式的了解,因而只会利用较少的时间来帮助学生分析语篇内容的结构及所传达的情感。写作教学亦同,教师只是关注学生大量写作操练与实践,缺乏对其写作技巧与思维的拓展, 从而过度依赖一些重复的机械化训练模式。从整体看来这样的单一教学方式与课程重点严重影响学生读写能力的进步,造成其语言能力水平的失衡。

除此之外,教师还缺乏对课程教学资源的拓展,比如在阅读教学方面,教师过于强调课时内容的讲解,往往会局限学生的学习认知,造成其阅读理解效果不佳;而在写作教学时也经常性要求学生针对模板进行反复操练,缺乏对课程资源的补充,导致学生在实际写作时容易欠缺素材,造成效果不佳现象。这些问题都是高中英语阅读与写作教学中普遍存在的局限问题,一直以来没有引起教师极度关注与确切的改善。

因此,本课题将从本校“本原三学”的生本教育理念下的教学与三链教学法相结合的角度出发,针对这些局限问题进行全力解决,通过读写之间的高效融合来提升学生的双重学习收益与语言能力效果,进一步剖析阅读与写作教学项目之间的密切关系,探讨促进学生双重语言技能发展的具体方法与措施。另外,从生本教育理念下研究教学新方向,通过生本课堂的建造来确保读写结合教学的顺利开展,让课程教学既能满足学生的自学发展需要, 注重学生自学意识的激发,并对多项学习能力及关键学习技巧进行有力的锻炼与培养,解决教学模式与方法的单一化局限问题。

笔者任教的是一个物化生班,全理科班。成绩稳定,有尖子生,具有一定的词汇量和阅读能力,思维活跃,思辨能力较强,自主学习能力较强。但从他们的日常输出来看,部分学生的句子分析能力较低,阅读篇幅较长、生词较多、长难句较多的文章比较吃力,且对阅读没有较大的兴趣。因此,读懂原文成了最大的障碍。由于这节课的学习活动比较多,对他们来说也是比较大的挑战。

另外,写作讲评课是写作后一个很重要的环节,但在日常的教学中很容易被忽略和轻视,而读后续写的情节连贯性和语言的正确性对学生来说是最难的地方,也是评分的重点。因此,笔者特别关注读后续写讲评课,希望学生在第二次写作中能够实现情节的连贯性和语言的正确性;通过思维导图、表格等学习工具助力学习活动,形成良好的学习阅读策略,更好地概括所学知识;能够概括、整合、阐释、解读原文,掌握文脉并归纳思维导图;能够深挖文本,整理出原文的情节与语言风格,提高逻辑思辨能力。


二、读后续写课堂教学模式

《高中英语课程标准(2017年版)》要求在教学中要将理解性技能和表达性技能同时使用,要“设计听说结合、读写结合、看读说写结合等综合性语言运用活动”。基于《课标》,新高考对读写题型进行了调整,最大的变化是增加了读后续写这一题型。读后续写即提供一段350词以内的语言材料,要求考生依据该材料内容、所给段落开头语和所示关键词进行续写(150词左右),将其发展成一篇与给定材料有逻辑衔接,情节架构自然,而且结构完整的短文。由此可见,新高考更加地强调深度阅读和读写融合,进一步提升学生的关键能力,即语言能力、学习能力、思辨能力、文化能力、创新能力和合作能力,发展学生学科核心素养。

基于我校开展生本教育、本原三学的环境,我们选择 “如何促进读写融合,提高读写能力”作为研究主题,开展“整合问题链、思维链、活动链——开展高中英语读写教学”。

问题链:苏联教育家马赫穆托夫(2000)认为传统教学反复识记只是锻炼学生的记忆能力,忽略了学生认知能力的发展。由此,他提出“问题教学”概念,倡导在独白式阐述、示范性阐述和对话式阐述的基础上引入更高层次的探讨式教学法,利用问题链启发学生思考、讨论和尝试解决问题。“根据教学目标和教学内容,结合学生已有的知识和经验,将教材知识转变成具有一定系统性、层次性、相对独立性又相互关联的系列问题”(裴松,2011)。因此,问题链是以环环相扣、互相关联、难度递增的系列问题来引入课题、整合信息、提升思维。

思维链:思维链式教学,即以思维发展的完型性为目标,按照思维活动的逻辑程序和思维水平递进层次组织“链”式的学习活动。在操作层次上表现为:动作把握——图像把握——文字把握;在操作形式上表现为:信息感受——信息耦合——完型构造;在思维发展水平上表现为: 发散思维——归纳思维——统摄思维——更高层次的发散思维。注重思维活动的逻辑起点,并由此层层推进、多角度辐射、多方位归纳和多路径延展,这些是思维链式教学的基本特点。(章民,卓晓敏,2007)。正如苏霍姆林斯基所言:“要教给学生思考,发展他的思维,这就意味着要在每一个学生身上发展两种思维领域,即形象思维领域和逻辑分析思维领域,既不要给以片面发展,同时又要善于把每个学生的智力发展引导到最适宜于他的先天素质的轨道上去。”

活动链:“活动链”教学以层次可循且由浅入深的教学目标为指引,通过教学内容链、教师活动链、学生活动链三链并行贯通的教学模式,实现学生在“做”中“学”的教学理念。(程蔼荃,赵维元,2019)活动教学是以在教学过程中建构具有教育性、创造性、实践性、操作性的学生主体活动为主要形式,以鼓励学生主动参与、主动探索、主动思考、主动实践为基本特征,以实现学生多方面能力综合全面发展为核心, 以促进学生整体素质全面提高为目的的一种教学观和教学形式[3]。 教师作为课堂教学的组织者、引导者,承担布局活动链的重要任务,学生则作为串联活动的具体实施者和主要表演者,完成环环相扣的过程,在这种课堂教学的氛围下,学生成为学习活动的主角,在给全新的体验性课堂中培养学生的科学品质、 学会学习、并在进一步实践学会创新,最终实现核心素养的全面提升。

整合问题链、思维链、活动链,开展高中英语读写教学,一方面进一步深化读写课堂教学改革,转变教学观念,以发展学生核心素养为导向,让学生进行自主学习、合作学习和探究性学习,发挥学生的潜能,同时让天性、信任、尊重和爱构成教师课堂教育教学的关键,最终能更好地达到教书育人的目的;另一方面实现读写的深度融合,锻炼和提高思维能力,提高学生读写任务产出能力和水平。本节课就是在读后续写指导课后,如何进一步提升和巩固学生在读写上情节和语言的准确性,提高读写能力。


三、读后续写讲评课教学案例

1.课前任务:笔者在课前让学生自主完成下列任务,为课堂上的展示做好准备:回顾原文情节、语言风格和主题;小结实现情节和语言准确性的策略。具体内容如下:

60891d5e47e16_html_c276d06462a0b7c0.png


60891d5e47e16_html_d4e7003e517f0943.png

2.课中:(45分钟)

首先让同学展示前置作业的答案,其他同学和老师一起点评。然后进入讲评环节。

Step 5:Analysis of continuation writing.

1.From plot accuracy: between sentences.

Example:Paragraph1:But no more helicopters came and it wasdark.

Student

The following sentence

Accuracy

Reasons

1

At this time, a sharp light appeared in Jane's eyes. It was a car.

Bad

突然出现汽车,与开头语的“直升机”不衔接。

2

Jane was upset. She felt lonely in this dark environment.

Good

描写了Jane的心理和感受;“dark”的同词复现,与开头语衔接连贯。

(1)Paragraph1:When Dad and Mom arrived a day earlier, they were amazed to find everything in a mess.

Student

The following sentence

Accuracy

Reasons

1

Daniel and Jane was taking care of Spot in the pet clinic.



2

Daniel was very flustered(慌乱的).



3

Mom was angry and shouted, “Look at the mess! What happened?”



(2)Paragraph 2:Daniel ran into his room, with tears in his eyes, “Jane, there is no need to explain and Mom won’t trust me any longer.”

Student

The following sentence

Accuracy

Reasons

1

Daniel hugged Jane, they slept.



2

Jane explained to Mom too.



3

And then, Dad comforted Mom and said calmly, “Maybe that's a good explanation for this.”



Tips: In order to achieve plot accuracy between sentences,

1.analyze the________________sentence:figures, verbs, feelings and surroundings.

2.use the same words.(同词复现)

简评:该环节从句际的准确性出发,即第一、二段段落开头语与学生写的第二句的衔接的准确性,通过举例和比较部分同学的习作,让学生明白什么样的衔接是正确的,并且小结实现句际衔接的准确性的策略。

2.From plot accuracy: between the paragraphs.

Examples: Paragraph

Accuracy

Reasons

1 On July 12, Grandma passed away, who had died suddenly that morning of a stroke. One day, I said, “Grandpa, you should live better and meaningfully. Then my grandma must become happy.” I helped him to work on the farm. Gradually, my grandpa became happy and normal.

Bad

没有紧扣第二段首

句中的life at college这一细节,没有写出离开农场回归校园,与第二段不衔接。

1 On July 12, Grandma passed away, who had died suddenly that morning of a stroke.“Perhaps she had tried herself out and needed a permanent sleep,”Grandpa said. After her funeral, Grandpa said that he had made up his mind to live there himself and that we should get back to our own lives. Grandpa was not a man who could outwardly express his grief aroundothers, and we all worried about him. When we said goodbye, I found there was something different about Grandpa but couldn’t quite make it out.

Good

紧扣第二段首句中的life at college这一细节,写出作者已和爷爷道别,离开爷爷奶奶的农场了,很好地与第二段衔接、连贯。


2 Life at college was busy but the days spent with Grandma and Grandpa often appeared in my mind.



(1)Student 1

Paragraph

Accuracy

Reasons

1 When Dad and Mom arrived a day earlier, they were amazed to find everything in a mess.In this moment, Daniel and Jane came back too, and Mom asked Daniel what happen, why the home so mess, where is Spot. Daniel feel sad and said, “Spot was so sick, I took it to pet clinic with Jane, and we left so hurry that can't tidy our room.” Jane started crying. After dinner, Mom talk Daniel go to her room.



2 Daniel ran into his room, with tears in his eyes, “Jane, there is no need to explain and Mom won’t trust me any longer.”

(2)Student 2

Paragraph

Accuracy

Reasons

1 When Dad and Mom arrived a day earlier, they were amazed to find everything in a mess. Dad and Mom felt very amazed and angry. When they opened the door, seeing a picture of a mess. And they found nobody at home, including the dog. Mom shouted, “Good Heavens! What did they do?What a surprise! Where did they do? Oh, they make me angry.” For a moment, Daniel and Jane came back. They open the door and found their parents sat in silence. Mom kept calm, said, “Where you go? Why Spot didn't at home? Why here in a mess?” Daniel replied, “Spot is in the pet clinic now, I am anxious that I made it messy.” Mom said, “I am skeptical, and I am disappointed at you.”Jane said, “It's true what he said.”



2Daniel ran into his room, with tears in his eyes, “Jane, there is no need to explain and Mom won’t trust me any longer.”

Tips:In order to achieve plot accuracy between paragraphs,

1.focus on the__________opening sentence:figures, verbs, feelings and surroundings.

2.use the proper narrative order(叙事顺序).

简评:该环节从段际的准确性出发,即第一段与第二段段落开头语的衔接的准确性,通过举例和比较部分同学的习作,让学生明白什么样的衔接是正确的,并且小结实现段际衔接的准确性的策略。

3.From the language accuracy.

(1)Tense(时态): Error Correction(1-2个错误)

①Dad and Mom feel angry.

②Kitchen is dirty, which covers fast-food packages.

③Mom understood that they have no time to clean the house.

Tip 1: use the ___________tense in the continuation writing.


(2)Verb(动词): Error Correction(1-2个错误)

①Parents were always loved and forgave you.

②While their parents back home, Daniel apologized sincerely again.

③Mom asking, “What is it? Oh!”

④They began think about if they do it right.

⑤Mom was known her mistake.

⑥They very angry when Daniel and Jane came home.

Tip 2: use_______________correctly.


(3)Person(人称): Error Correction(1-2个错误)

①The house was full of pizza leftovers from my sister and me.

②In the end, Mom forgave me and I would do better in the future.

Tip 3: use the ______________person.

简评:该环节从语言的准确性出发,主要从时态、动词和人称三个方面入手,让学生完成相应的改错题,让学生明白常犯的语言错误,并且小结实现语言准确性的策略。

Step 6 Good sentences appreciation.

1.Mom stood rooted to the spot, her eyes blazing with anger.

2.Mom was angry and said, “Daniel, we thought you would act like an adult, but look at the mess.”

3.Daniel tried to tell the truth but words seemed to have left him.

4.Mom felt very sorry for shouting at Daniel and she was satisfied with what he had done. She apologized to Daniel and gave him a hug.

5.There should be more trust between mother and child.

6.Finally, the misunderstanding was solved and they lived a happy life.

简评:该环节展示了学生习作中的好句,让学生欣赏优美的语言,提升语言表达能力。

Step 7 Conclusion: A good continuation writing includes:

1._______________accuracy.

2._______________accuracy.

简评:该环节总结和回顾了情节和语言准确性策略。

Step 8 Rewrite your writing.

1.Rewrite your writing together below.

(1)Group1&2完成Para.1, Group 3&4完成Para.2。

(2)Para.1 + Para.2 =小组读后续写作品。

2.Presentation.

Share your writing with the whole class.

简评:该环节让学生小组合作完成第二次读后续写作品,并且展示润色修改后的作品。


四、结束语     

本原三学课堂教学模式让学生学会分析问题和解决问题,改变学生死记硬背和被动接受的学习方式;学生带着真实的目的任务去学习,将学习变成一种积极的内在的心理需求。在这样的课堂教学中,学生不仅主动高效地获取了知识,提高解题能力,还充分感受到成功的乐趣,发挥学生的主动性和创造性,最大限度展现学习者学习的潜能。

“三链法”为这样的课堂教学模式注入了更多的活力,发挥了学校特色,培养了学生独立、协作、创新、交际能力,同时提高学生的人文素养。采用多种形式,促进学生主动、自觉地投入阅读和写作中,为学生终身发展奠定基础。而读后续写讲评课进一步巩固了指导课的成果,进一步提升学生对原文情节和语言的把握和关注,从而提高思维能力和语言表达能力。

总的来说,这是一节较为成功的课堂,从学情和主要的难点出发,重点关注情节和语言的准确性,设计了对比分析、改错、二次写作等多样化练习,并给予学生充分的时间展示自己的风采和学习成果,极大地提高了学生的主动性、自主学习能力、语言表达能力和思辨能力,还有自信心。


【参考文献

1.《普通高中英语课程标准(2017年版)》中华人民共和国教育部制定

2.《普通高中英语课程标准(2017年版)解读》高等教育出版社 2018.4

3.《基于学科核心素养的英语教学课例研究》华东师范大学出版社 2019.12

4.《新高考英语读后续写(基础版)》世界图书出版公司 2018.12

5.《英语写作教学——课堂互动性交流视角》外语教学与研究出版社 2014.10

6.范明华《读写结合构建高中英语生本课堂的策略》考试周刊2019.7

7.张新雅《高中生英语读写结合写作研究》2019.6

8.郭凤玲《高中英语阅读与写作一体化教学探讨》外语教学与研究2020.2


2