北京市仁和医院肝病科 北京 102600
摘要 目的 探讨血清异常凝血酶原(PIVKA-Ⅱ)和甲胎蛋白(AFP)在肝细胞癌(HCC)诊断及疗效评价中的价值。方法 分别用化学发光法和电化学发光法检测慢性肝炎组、肝硬化组及HCC组血清PIVKA-Ⅱ、AFP水平,比较两者单独及联合检测诊断HCC的灵敏度、特异度;比较各组间差异、HCC治疗前后两指标水平的变化及HCC不同病理分化程度组间差异;并利用受试者工作曲线(ROC曲线)分析两种标志物在HCC诊断中的价值。结果 单独检测灵敏度PIVKA-Ⅱ(90.16%)高于AFP(60.66%),特异度AFP(94.59%)高于PIVKA-Ⅱ(82.88%);两者联合检测灵敏度为91.80%,特异度为80.18%,灵敏度高于AFP单独检测,特异度与PIVKA-Ⅱ单独检测相比无明显差异;肿瘤直径在3cm及其以下的HCC患者单独检测两肿瘤指标灵敏度均明显下降,且AFP(42.11%)低于PIVKA-Ⅱ(78.95%),两者联合检测灵敏度为84.21%;HCC组AFP、PIVKA-Ⅱ水平明显高于肝硬化、慢性肝炎组;HCC组治疗后AFP、PIVKA-Ⅱ水平低于治疗前;HCC患者肿瘤细胞高、中、低分化组间差异无统计学意义;血清PIVKA-Ⅱ和AFP检测诊断HCC的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.917(95%CI:0.868-0.966)、0.858(95%CI:0.797-0.919),二者相比无明显差异。结论 PIVKA-Ⅱ和AFP在灵敏度和特异度方面各有优势,两者联合检测可优势互补,有助于HCC的早期诊断。血清PIVKA-Ⅱ和AFP水平与肿瘤细胞分化程度无明显关系,但需加大样本量进一步证实。两者对HCC诊断和疗效监测均具有较高的临床应用价值。
关键词:肝细胞癌;甲胎蛋白;异常凝血酶原;肿瘤标志物
The value of serum PIVKA-Ⅱ and AFP combined detection for the diagnosis and treatment effect of hepatocellular carcinoma
Zhang Pingping, Ren Wentao
Abstract: Objective To explore the value of serum PIVKA-Ⅱ and AFP detection for the diagnosis and treatment effect of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods Serum levels of PIVKA-Ⅱand AFP were measured by chemiluminescence assay (CLIA) and electrochemiluminescence assay (ECLA) in patients with HCC, liver cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis. To compare the sensitivity and specificity of single PIVKA-Ⅱ or AFP assay and the combined detection.To compare the serum level changes of the two indicators in different groups and HCC patients before and after treatment.To analyze PIVKA-Ⅱ and AFP changes of different pathological groups. They were also analyzed by Receiver operating characteristic (ROC). Results The sensitivity of PIVKA-Ⅱ(90.16%)was higher than that of AFP(60.66%) in diagnosing HCC. The specificity of AFP(94.59%) was higher than that of PIVKA-Ⅱ(82.88%). The sensitivity and specificity of combined detection were 91.80% and 80.18%. The sensitivity was higher than that of AFP itself, the specificity did not show statistical significance compared with PIVKA-Ⅱ.The sensitivities of single PIVKA-Ⅱ(78.95%) and AFP(42.11%) declined significantly in the HCC patients whose tumor diameter was equal or lesser than 3cm, while the sensitivity of combined detection was 84.21%. The serum levels of both PIVKA-Ⅱand AFP in HCC group were higher than those in liver cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis groups. The serum levels of PIVKA-Ⅱ and AFP in HCC patients were both dropped sharply compared with the level before treatment. They did not show statistical significance among different pathological groups. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of PIVKA-Ⅱ(0.917) and AFP(0.858) in HCC group were not statistically different.
Conclusions PIVKA-Ⅱ and AFP each have their advantages in sensitivity and specificity. The combined detection has complementary advantages and is conducive to early diagnosis of HCC. The levels of PIVKA-Ⅱand AFP did not show statistical significance among different pathological groups, which should be confirmed by more sample size. Both PIVKA-Ⅱ and AFP have high clinical application values in diagnosing HCC and monitoring treatment effect.
Keywords:Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); Alpha-fetoproteins (AFP); Protein induced by vitamin K antagonist-Ⅱ(PIVKA-Ⅱ); Tumor markers
原发性肝癌(primary hepatic cancer, PHC)是我国最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,包括肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC)和胆管细胞癌,其中HCC占90%以上。目前HCC 5年生存率虽较前有所升高,但仍不理想。AFP及影像学检查是诊断HCC的重要依据,但AFP灵敏度和特异度均不能满足临床需要。AFP阴性易导致肝癌的漏诊,而部分慢性肝病及肝硬化患者中AFP水平有不同程度升高,影响临床医生的判断。研究发现维生素K缺乏诱导蛋白(protein induced by vitamin K antagonist-Ⅱ, PIVKA-Ⅱ)可用于HCC的诊断[1]。本研究对我院71例肝硬化、40例慢性肝炎及61例HCC患者血清进行了检测,旨在探索AFP及PICKA-Ⅱ在诊断HCC及其疗效监测中的价值,以便做到早期诊断HCC,更好评价其治疗效果。
1 对象与方法
1.1 研究对象 选择2016年10月至2019年5月在我院住院患者的病例资料,其中HCC患者61例(均经肝脏CT/MRI/病理确诊),包括男50例,女11例,年龄29~80岁;肝硬化患者71例(均经肝脏CT检查除外HCC),包括男49例,女22例,年龄25~78岁;慢性肝炎患者40例,包括男22例,女18例,年龄25~72岁。如表1所示。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 标本采集 受检者均于清晨空腹采集静脉血3.5ml,3000r/min离心分离血清,-20℃保存。
1.2.2 检测方法 应用电化学发光免疫测定血清AFP值,以20ng/ml 作为临界值;应用化学发光免疫法检测PIVKA-Ⅱ,以40mAU/ml作为临界值。
1.3 统计学处理 由SPSS17.0统计软件分析,灵敏度、特异度比较选用χ2检验,采用中位数和四分位数描述不同组间肿瘤标志物水平,选用Kruskal-Wallis H检验对三组间肿瘤标志物水平进行比较,选用Mann-Whitney U检验进行组间两两比较,PIVKA-Ⅱ及AFP治疗前后比较选用配对符号秩和检验。应用受试者工作曲线(ROC)计算曲线下面积判断PIVKA-Ⅱ和AFP诊断HCC的准确度,二者之间比较选用Z检验,计算公式为:Z=|AUC1-AUC2|/sqrt(SE12+SE22)。P<0.05差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
AFP单独检测灵敏度为60.66%,特异度为94.59%;PIVKA-Ⅱ单独检测灵敏度为90.16%,特异度为82.88%。两者单独检测PIVKA-Ⅱ灵敏度高于AFP(χ2=14.32, P<0.05),特异度低于AFP(χ2=7.62, P<0.05)。两者联合检测灵敏度为91.80%,高于AFP单独检测(χ2=16.33, P<0.05 ),与PIVKA-Ⅱ单独检测相比无明显差异,(χ2=0.1, P>0.05);两者联合检测特异度为80.18%,低于AFP单独检测(χ2=10.46, P<0.05),与PIVKA-Ⅱ单独检测相比无明显差异(χ2=0.27, P>0.05),如表2所示。
对于肿瘤直径在3cm及其以下的19位HCC患者进一步行PIVKA-Ⅱ和AFP灵敏度检测,发现AFP单独检测灵敏度为42.11%,PIVKA-Ⅱ单独检测灵敏度为78.95%,后者灵敏度高于前者,P<0.05。两者联合检测灵敏度为84.21%。
各组AFP、PIVKA-1I水平:慢性肝病组AFP 2.82(1.86-4.94) PIVKA-1I 23.20(17.33-28.75),肝硬化组AFP 3.35(2.08-6.61) PIVKA-1I 23.86(17.25-33.67),HCC组AFP 60.90(6.48-2326.25) PIVKA-1I 405.00(78.5-6107.75),如表3所示。
三组之间比较PIVKA-Ⅱ和AFP均有显著差异(H值分别为82.34,60.803,P值均<0.05)。慢性肝炎组和肝硬化组PIVKA-Ⅱ及AFP无显著性差异(U值分别为1279.50,1278.00,P值均>0.05)。HCC组与慢性肝炎组及肝硬化组比较PIVKA-Ⅱ及AFP均有显著性差异(PIVKA-Ⅱ:U值分别为149.00,412.50,P值均<0.05;AFP:U值分别为292.00,669.50,P值均<0.05)
研究期间HCC组有11例经肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)或联合射频消融治疗,PIVKA-Ⅱ、AFP治疗后水平低于治疗前(Z值分别为-2.76,-2.49,P值均<0.05)。
HCC组其中18名患者行肝穿刺活检,按肿瘤细胞分化程度分为高分化组、中分化组、低分化组,三组之间PIVKA-Ⅱ和AFP均无明显差异(H值分别为1.77,2.21,P值均>0.05)。
与非HCC患者组比较,血清PIVKA-1I和AFP检测诊断HCC的ROC曲线下面积:PIVKA-1I为0.917(95%CI:0.868-0.966),AFP为0.858(95%CI:0.797-0.919),二者比较无明显差异(Z=1.48,P>0.05)。
3讨论
AFP是一种胚胎性相关蛋白,是发现最早应用最广泛的肿瘤标志物。AFP对HCC诊断灵敏度仅53%~76%,特异度为87%~98%[2]。PIVKA-Ⅱ是肝脏合成的无凝血活性的异常凝血酶原,它的产生与肝细胞病变密切相关。研究表明,PIVKA-Ⅱ在HCC诊断中有很高的价值[3]。
本研究显示,两者单独检测PIVKA-Ⅱ灵敏度高于AFP,特异度低于AFP,P值均<0.05。两者联合检测灵敏度为91.80%,高于AFP单独检测,特异度为80.18%,与PIVKA-Ⅱ单独检测相比无明显差异,表明两者在灵敏度及特异度方面各有优势,联合检测可进一步优势互补。另外,对于肿瘤直径在3cm以下的HCC患者进行检测发现,AFP灵敏度为42.11%,PIVKA-Ⅱ灵敏度为78.95%,较HCC整体人群均明显下降,但后者灵敏度高于前者,联合检测可使灵敏度提高至84.21%。故对于3cm以下HCC患者,两者单独检测灵敏度较低,联合检测优势更加明显,有利于早期肝癌的筛查和诊断。
有研究表明,PIVKA-Ⅱ能较好反应HCC病理特征及预后[4-5]。我们对行肝穿刺活检的HCC患者按肿瘤细胞分化程度分为高分化组、中分化组、低分化组,三组之间PIVKA-Ⅱ和AFP均无明显差异(H值分别为1.77,2.21,P值均>0.05)。表明两肿瘤指标水平与肿瘤细胞分化程度无明显关系,但考虑这可能与入组的样本量少有关系,需在后续研究中加大样本量进一步分析。
与非HCC患者组比较,血清PIVKA-1I和AFP检测诊断HCC的ROC曲线下面积:PIVKA-1I为0.917(95%CI:0.868-0.966),AFP为0.858(95%CI:0.797-0.919),二者比较无明显差异(Z=1.48,P>0.05)。在疗效检测方面,国外有研究发现HCC患者在接受治疗后,PIVKA-1I较AFP下降幅度更明显[6]。我们研究发现,HCC患者经TACE或联合射频消融治疗,PIVKA-Ⅱ、AFP水平均明显低于治疗前。表明两者对HCC诊断和疗效监测均具有很高的临床应用价值。
总之,在诊断HCC灵敏度与特异度方面,PIVKA-Ⅱ和AFP各具优势,二者联合检测有助于HCC的早期诊断及疗效检测,以更好的指导临床工作。两者水平与肿瘤恶性程度似无明显关系,需加大样本量进一步判断。
表1 各组临床资料
组别 | 男(例) | 女(例) | 年龄(岁) |
慢性肝炎组 | 22 | 18 | 25~72 |
肝硬化组 | 49 | 22 | 25~78 |
肝细胞癌组 | 50 | 11 | 29~80 |
表2 AFP和PIVKA-Ⅱ诊断HCC的灵敏度及特异度比较
指标 | 灵敏度(%) | 特异度(%) |
AFP | 60.66(37/61) | 94.59(106/111) |
PIVKA-Ⅱ | 90.16(55/61)a | 82.88(92/111) |
AFP+ PIVKA-Ⅱ | 91.80(56/61)b | 80.18(89/111) |
注:与AFP比较,χ2=14.32,aP<0.05,与PIVKA-Ⅱ比较,χ2=0.1,bP>0.05
表3 各组血清AFP和PIVKA-Ⅱ水平比较[M(P25~P75)]
组别 | AFP(ng/ml) | PIVKA-Ⅱ(mAU/ml) |
慢性肝炎组 | 2.82(1.86-4.94) | 23.20(17.33-28.75) |
肝硬化组 | 3.35(2.08-6.61) | 23.86(17.25-33.67) |
肝细胞癌组 | 60.90(6.48-2326.25) | 405.00(78.5-6107.75) |
注:两指标与慢性肝炎和肝硬化组相比较,AFP:U值分别为292.00,669.50,PIVKA-Ⅱ:U值分别为149.00,412.50,P值均<0.05
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