简介：Aqualitativegenderassessmentofhousehold-basedbambooindustrieswasconductedinZhuyuanandLagadivillagesinLaochangTownship,XinpingCountyinSouthwestChina'sYunnanProvince.Resultsshowedthatbothwomenandmenwereactivelyinvolvedintheproductionandmarketingofbambooproductsinthetwovillages.Thereweregenderdifferencesinbamboo-basedruralindustriesthatwerecloselyassociatedwiththeethnichabits,traditionalnormsoftheruralsociety,thedifferencesofeducationallevelsthatwomenandmenachieved,andthegenderblind-spotsintheenforcementoflawsandpolicies.Itisevidentthatwomenwere“equal”partnersintheproductionofbambooproducts,but“unequal”whentherightsofaccesstoandcontroloverresourcesandpersonalindependenceareconcerned.Suggestionsaremadetoachieveagender-balancedproductionsystemofbambooproductsinruralareasofbambooproducingcountiesinYunnanProvince,China.

简介：Threeessentialfactorsofforestfire(firesource,environment,andlitter)weretakenasthepointofview,andhasapproachedtheforecastmethodofforestfireintropicalareaofsouthwestChinainamacroscopicscale.Thisstudysupportedbymathematicalmethodwasfromanewangle.Forexample,intheaspectofforestfireforecast,ithasbeenthoughtoverthatmostforestfireisartificialfire,whichhaslotsofrandomness.SoitcouldbestudiedinakindofMarkovrandomprocesses.Inthe...

简介：黄家二岔小流域地处中国黄土高原水土流失最严重的黄土丘陵沟壑区，自１９８３年以来，该小流域作为小流域治理和农业发展技术的试验示范基地，开展了一系列小流域治理和农业综合发展技术的试验研究工作．本文主要介绍了黄家二岔小流域不同治理阶段所存在的问题、目标、研究思路、内容、技术措施、成果和经验，以期对处在不同发展时期的我国和其他发展中国家的流域治理工作提供参考和借鉴．

简介：Someelectrochemicalproperties,suchaspH,Eh,andvoltammetricbehavior.ofthedecompositionproductsofricestrawandtheinteractionsoftheseproductswithsoilswerestudied.ThepH,Eh,andamountsoforganicreducingsubstanceschangedmarkedlyduringthe6-dayanaerobicdecomposition.pHdecreasedsharplytopH5onthetenthdayandthenincreasedgraduallyto7onthe45rhday.Theamountsoforganicreducingsubstancesincreasedalmostsynchronouslywiththefallofredoxpotentialduringthefirst15days.Thedifferentialpulsevoltammetric(dpv)behaviorchangednotonlyinthepeakcurrentbutalsointhepeakpotential.Thefractionswithapparentmolecularweightslowerthan200daltonsappearedtobeactiveindpvbehavior.Theelectricchargeandpositivelycharged,respectively.Thegroupwithalowapparentmolecularweightandanegativechargewasthemaincomponentsresponsiblefortheloweranodicpeakpotentials.Theywereoxidizedfirstduringtheinteractionsoftheorganicreducingsubstanceswithsoils.

简介：我们检验了本地社区刺激节目在Baneh城市里在三个forested村庄里改进传统的森林管理，西方的伊朗的北Zagros森林里的库尔德斯坦省。Zagros森林盖住607万哈并且支持富人植物和动物差异。在本地社区聚会和经济系统和传统的森林管理的无效的变化在最近的十年在森林新生的稳定性导致了一种批评状况。由于缺乏生产并且可耕地和产生失业和贫穷，人overexploitedZagros森林。在传统的森林管理的外面的干预创造在本地民族和森林管理组织之间的冲突。为了完成持续森林管理，包括的森林资源保存和自然资源的改进，基于社区的生计，基于森林的重要函数实现林地刺激程序(FIP)是合乎需要的。社区，本地生计上的森林的效果，和从森林提取的产品的表的socio-economics的详细信息不过从本地社区的调查被获得问询表，会见和观察。我们在三个村庄里学习了276个家庭并且在定量分析由业主完成了76张问询表。采样被简单随机的采样(SRS)执行。农村社区的需要例如家畜耕作，主要从特征和村庄的环境特征产生。我们识别了驱动力，压力，地位，影响和回答(DPSIR)设计刺激节目，由DPSIR分析和相互作用分析。来自森林的本地社区好处的评估显示了那以便改进森林管理，319美元将被每个家庭在2010作为刺激每年需要阻止砍并且收集的柴，森林降级的主要原因。

简介：QuantitativeassessmentoftreespeciesdiversityfromsampleplotsinsevenforestrangesofNayagarhForestDivisioninOdishastateintheEasternGhatsofIndiawasmadeduringtheperiodApril,2011toNovember,2013.Atotalof120transects(1000m95m)werelaidinNayagarh,Odogaon,Pancharida,Khandapada,Dasapalla,Mahipur,andGaniaforestrangesandtreestemsofatleast30cmGBHweremeasured.Theregenerationpotentialoftreeswasassessedfrom5m95msampleplotslocatedwithinthemaintransect.Atotalof177treespeciesbelongingto120generaand44familieswererecordedfromthestudyarea.Shorearobusta,Buchananialanzan,Lanneacoromandelica,TerminaliaalataandCleistanthuscollinuswerethepredominanttreespecies.Thestanddensityvariedintherangeof355.33-740.53stemsha-1whilebasalarearangedfrom7.77to31.62m2ha-1.Thetreedensityandspeciesrichnessdecreasedwithincreasinggirthclass.Thehighestnumberofspeciesandmaximumdensitywasrecordedinthegirthclassof30-60cm.TheShannon-WeinerandSimpsonIndiceswithrespecttotreeswithC30cmGBHvariedintherangeof2.07-3.79cmand0.03-0.37cmrespectivelyandthevaluesofdiversityindicesarewithinthereportedrangefortropicalforestsofIndiansub-continent.Thefamilies,Dipterocarpaceae,Anacardiaceae,CombretaceaeandEuphorbiaceaecontributedtomaximumspeciesrichness,standdensity,andbasalarea.Regenerationofmanytreespecieswasobservedtobepoor.Thepresentstudyprovidesbaselinedataforfurtherecologicalstudies,forestmanagement,andformulationofsite-specificstrategiesforconservationofbiologicaldiversityinmoistdeciduousforestsofEasternIndia.

简介：Inthecontextofglobalcarboncyclemanagement,accurateknowledgeofcarboncontentinforestsisarelevantissueincontemporaryforestecology.Wemeasuredtheabove-groundandsoilcarbonpoolsinthedarkconiferousborealtaiga.Wecomparedmeasuredcarbonpoolstothosecalculatedfromtheforestinventoryrecordscontainingvolumestockandspeciescompositiondata.Theinventorydataheavilyunderestimatedthepoolsinthestudyarea(StolbyStateNatureReserve,centralKrasnoyarskTerritory,RussianFederation).Thecarbonpoolestimatedfromtheforestinventorydatavariedfrom25(tha-1)(low-densitystands)to73(tha-1)(highlystockedstands).Ourestimatesrangedfrom59(tha-1)(lowdensitystands)to147(tha-1)(highlystockedstands).Ourvaluesincludedlivingtrees,standingdeadwood,livingcover,brushwoodandlitter.Wefoundthattheproportionofbiomasscarbon(livingtrees):soilcarbonvariedfrom99:1to8:2forfullystockedandlow-densityforeststands,respectively.Thiscontradictsthecommonunderstandingthatthebiomassintheborealforestsrepresentsonly16–20%ofthetotalcarbonpool,withthebalancebeingthesoilcarbonpool.

简介：1Background1.1BasicsituationofstudysiteYao’ancountyislocatedinthenorthwesternpartofcentralYunnanplateau.ItisoneoftheimportantgrainProductionbasecountiesofYunnanProvince.HanandYiarethemainethnicgroupsinthisprovince.BanliuAdministrativeVillagebelongsto...

简介：Climatechangehasposedagreatriskandtreatstoglobalenvironment.Toaddresstheproblem,internationalcommunityresortstocarbonemissionreduction,andmanycountrieshaveimplementedafforestationandreforestationprojectunderCleanDevelopmentMechanism.Chinastartedtheresearchandhasdoneagreatloadofworksonforestcarbontradeasearlyastheyearof2002tocontributetothecarbonemissionreduction.ThispaperintroducestheimplementationofforestcarbontradeinHeyuanCity,Guan...

简介：四十个SSR标记被用来在在1950年代并且在种的151个中国主要米饭变化比较基因差异变化最近十年。40SSRloci，39被发现当时，多态一地点(RM479)monomorphic。213等位基因的一个总数从39多态的loci被识别。等位基因的平均数字每地点(Na)具有5.5，从2～11。Nei的基因差异索引(他)在RM418从0.309atRM174在loci之中急速地变化了到0.869，与0.649的平均值。在在indica和装饰用的梨树亚种之间的SSRallelic差异的在那里存在的重要差别，和indica在Na两个都比装饰用的梨树有更多的变化并且他。由有在Na的基因变化的比较并且他，在1950年代种的变化有更多的等位基因，这被揭示并且更高他比那些在里面最近为indica的十年和装饰用的梨树米饭。为Na的二亚种之间的差别随着时间的过去在一个趋势是重要的(indica：z=2.677，P=0.007；装饰用的梨树：z=3.441，P=0.001)，然而并非为重要他(indica：z=1.471，P=0.141；装饰用的梨树：z=1.932，P=0.053)。分子的变化(AMOVA)的分析显示了那在那里存在的重要差别(P<0.05)在在二个时期，更多的遗传变异被indica(Fst=0.050)和装饰用的梨树贡献之间的遗传变异(Fst=0.082)子集。用locus-by-locusAMOVA过程，重要基因区别为indica变化和11loci在13loci(RM21，RM128，RM147，RM169，RM190，RM221，RM231，RM251，RM253，RM317，RM341，RM418，和RM478)被观察(RM101，RM135，RM152，RM159，RM169RM190RM251RM253RM311，RM418，和RM478)为在二时期之间的装饰用的梨树一。Itwas发现一些等位基因作为与那些in1950s作比较沉醉于当前的主要米饭变化。因此，利用更多的相异的精英应该是必要的为在当前的米饭繁殖的遗传背景的扩展的基因资源编程序。

简介：陆上的碳周期和全球大气的CO2预算是在全球气候变化研究的重要foci。模仿的网陆上的生态系统的主要生产率(NPP)为碳周期研究是重要的。在这研究，plant-atmosphere-soil连续统氮(N)骑车的模型被开发并且合并了到北方的生态系统生产率模拟器(BEPS)模型。与在1km分辨率的确定的数据库(叶区域索引，陆地盖子，每日的气象学数据，植被和土壤)，每天NPP印射因为在2007的澜沧江山谷被生产，并且NPP的空间时间的模式和它对土壤N水平的回答的机制进一步被探索。全部的NPP和在2007的澜沧江山谷的吝啬的NPP是66.5TgC和416g

简介：Chinaisgloballyacknowledgedas'KingdomofBamboo',andZhejiangProvinceisnationallyrecognizedasthefirstprovinceofbambooinChina.SystematicandoverallanalysisismadebytheapproachofcasestudyonwhyZhejiangcangetsuchamarvelousachievementsoastoprovidesignificantreferencesandinstructionsforbamboodevelopmentforothercountrieswhodesiretolearntechnologiesandknow-howfromChina.Themaincontributionsareconcludedasbelow:1)Quickprogressofbambootechnologyprovidesastrongback-upforbambooindustrydevelopment;2)Governmentalsupportspromotethebalanceddevelopmentofbambooindustry,includingfavorablepolicy,financialsupport;3)Goodrelationofbamboocultivationandprocessing;4)Specialsoci-economicandhumanitarianadvantagesforbamboodevelopment,includinggoodexportenvironment,dynamicprivateeconomy,bambooindustryzone,excellenttalentsofbamboo;and5)Quickexpansionofinternationalanddomesticbamboomarketstimulatesanddrivesthedevelopmentofbambooindustry

简介：Background:Around2000plantspeciesoccurnaturallyinLorestanProvinceofwhich250speciesaremedicinalandmyrtleisoneofthem.Myrtleisashrubwhoseleavesandfruitshavemedicinalvalueandthus,ifmanagedandharvestedproperly,couldproducesustainedeconomicbenefits.Inrecentyears,however,overhalfofthemyrtlesiteareaswasdestroyed,duetoinappropriatemanagementandexcessiveharvestingpractices.Thus,comingupwithapracticalharvestingapproachalongwithidentifyingthosefactorsdamagingthesites,seemstobeverycrucial.Methods:Inourinvestigation,wecalculatedtheconservationvalueperhectareofmyrtleintheDoorehforestareainLorestanProvince.UsingtheContingentValuation(CV)andDoubleBoundedDichotomousChoice(DBDC)methods,wedeterminedthewillingnesstopay(WTP)formyrtleconservation.TheWTPwasestimatedwithalogitmodelforwhichindiceswereobtainedbasedonamaximumprecisioncriterion.Results:Theresultsshowedthat86.67percentofpeoplewerewillingtopayfortheconservationofthesemyrtlesites.AveragemonthlyWTPperfamilywascalculatedas$0.79.TheannualconservationvalueintermsofWTPforthepreservationofthemyrtlesitesinDoorehwasestimatedas$102,525.Amongthevariablesofthemodelpresented,educationhadapositiveimpact,whiletheamountproposedforpaymentandfamilysizehadanegativeimpactontheWTP.Conclusions:Ourestimateofthevalueofmyrtleconservationshouldprovidejustificationforpolicymakersanddecisionmakingbodiesofnaturalresourcestoimplementpoliciesinordertoconservethenaturalsitesofthisspeciesmoreeffectively.

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简介：Background:Theglobalsearchfornewwaystosequestercarbonhasalreadyreachedagriculturallands.Suchlandconstitutesamajorpotentialcarbonsink.Theproductionofhighvaluetimberwithinagroforestrysystemscanfacilitateanin-situcarbonstoragefunction.Thisisfollowedbyapotentiallongtermex-situcarbonsinkwithinlonglastingproductssuchasveneerandfurniture.Forthispurposewildcherry(PrunusaviumL.)isaninterestingoptionformiddleEurope,yieldinghighpricesonthetimbermarket.Methods:Atotalnumberof39wildcherryweresampledin2012and2013toassesstheleaflessabovegroundbiomass.Thecompletetreesincludingstemandbrancheswereseparatedinto1cmdiameterclasses.Woodandbarkfromsub-sampleswereanalysedseparatelyandnutrientcontentwasderived.Modelsforbiomassestimationwereconstructedforalltreecompartments.Results:Thesmallestdiameterclassespossessthehighestproportionofbarkduetosmallercrosssectionalarea.Treeboleswithagreateramountofstemwoodabove10cmindiameterwillhaveamoreconstantbarkproportion.Totalbranchbarkproportionalsoremainsrelativelyconstantaboved_(1.3m)measurementsof8cm.Abalanceisevidentbetweentheproductionofnewbrancheswithalowdiameterandhighbarkproportionoffsetbythethickeningandarelativereductioninbarkproportioninlargerbranches.Theresultsshowthatasingletreewithanageof17and18yearscanstoreupto85kgofcarbonwithintheabovegroundbiomassportion,anamountthatwillincreaseasthetreematures.Branchesdisplaygreaternutrientcontentthanstemsectionspervolumeunitwhichcanbeattributedtoagreaterbarkproportion.Conclusions:Usingthederivedmodelsthecarbonandthenutrientcontentofabove-groundwoodybiomassofwholetreescanbecalculated.Suggestedvaluesforcarbonwithothermajorandminornutrientsheldwithinrelativelyimmaturetreesstronglysupportstheideaoftheinclusionofwildcherrywithinagroforestrysystemsasan

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简介：Background:LeafAreaIndex(LAI)isanimportantparameterusedinmonitoringandmodelingofforestecosystems.Theaimofthisstudywastoevaluateperformanceoftheartificialneuralnetwork(ANN)modelstopredicttheLAIbycomparingtheregressionanalysismodelsastheclassicalmethodinthesepureandeven-agedCrimeanpineforeststands.Methods:OnehundredeighttemporarysampleplotswerecollectedfromCrimeanpineforeststandstoestimatestandparameters.EachsampleplotwasimagedwithhemisphericalphotographstodetecttheLAI.ThepartialcorrelationanalysiswasusedtoassesstherelationshipsbetweenthestandLAIvaluesandstandparameters,andthemultivariatelinearregressionanalysiswasusedtopredicttheLAIfromstandparameters.DifferentartificialneuralnetworkmodelscomprisingdifferentnumberofneuronandtransferfunctionsweretrainedandusedtopredicttheLAIofforeststands.Results:ThecorrelationcoefficientsbetweenLAIandstandparameters(standnumberoftrees,basalarea,thequadraticmeandiameter,standdensityandstandage)weresignificantatthelevelof0.01.Thestandage,numberoftrees,siteindex,andbasalareawereindependentparametersinthemostsuccessfulregressionmodelpredictedLAIvaluesusingstandparameters(/?;adj=0.5431).AscorrespondingmethodtopredicttheinteractionsbetweenthestandLAIvaluesandstandparameters,theneuralnetworkarchitecturebasedontheRBF4-19-1withGaussianactivationfunctioninhiddenlayerandtheidentityactivationfunctioninoutputlayerperformedbetterinpredictingLAI(SSE(12.1040),MSE(0.1223),RM5E(0.3497),AIC(0.1040),BIC(-777310)andR2(0.6392))comparedtotheotherstudiedtechniques.Conclusion:TheANNoutperformedthemultivariateregressiontechniquesinpredictingLAIfromstandparameters.TheANNmodels,developedinthisstudy,mayaidinmakingforestmanagementplanninginstudyforeststands.

简介：PhysiographyandsoilinMaeRimwatershed,ChiangMaiProvince,Thailandwereinvestigatedbyusingaerialphotographsandsatelliteimageinconjunctionwithfieldwork,andsoilinfiltrationrateandsoilshearresistanceweremeasuredinfield.ManyfactorsaffectingrunoffwereanalyzedusigtheIntegratedLandandWaterInformaitonSystem(ILWIS).Asaresult,amodeldeterminingfloodhazarwassetup.Threempsincludingrunoffcurvenumbermap,runoffcoefficentmap,andfloodinumdationmapwerecreated,Inaddition,thetimeofconcentrationwaspredicted.

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