简介：本节主要介绍早期单道系列人工耳蜗的研究和临床应用，对今日数字人工耳蜗仍有参考意义。

简介：目的探讨鼻内镜结合电子鼻咽喉镜在鼻窦手术中的应用。方法对32例上颌窦侧壁与底壁交界处囊肿，16例蝶窦囊肿，12例真菌球性上颌窦炎，采用鼻内镜和电子鼻咽喉镜相结合进行手术治疗。结果所有患者均一次手术成功，术中出血较少，平均约（20±3）mL。术后随访6个月，复查见鼻窦自然开口均无闭锁或粘连，所有患者均未见复发。结论鼻内镜结合电子鼻咽喉镜在鼻窦手术中，尤其是对上颌窦前壁、前壁与底壁交界处，蝶窦底壁、侧壁病灶的清除，能在尽可能减少窦口开窗范围的情况下，充分发挥各内镜的优点，以达到微创目的。

简介：AIM:Toinvestigatethespecialtyoftranscranialsurgerythroughpterionalapproachforremovalofcranio-orbitaltumors,introducetheophthalmologicalexperiencesofenteringtheorbittoreducetheincidencerateofassociatedcomplicationsofthisoperation.·METHODS:Weperformedaretrospectiveanalysisofaseriesof37casesinvolvingpatientswhounderwenttranscranialsurgerythroughpterionalapproachfortreatmentofcranio-orbitaltumorsinourdepartmentinthepast8years.Pterionapproachcraniotomywasperformedtoallpatients.Afterremovingtumorsintheskullbytheneurosurgeon,ophthalmologistremovedtumorsinorbit.Wetookmeasuresbelowtodecreasecomplications,includinggroundingopticcanalthroughanabrasivedrillingwhennecessary,hangingvariousextraocularmusclestobeexposedforprotection,refrigeratingbyrefrigerationheadstoremovetumors,atlastsewinguporbitseptumaftersurgery.·RESULTS:Tumorswereremovedcompletelyin32cases,andincompletein5casesduetoextensiveinvasionintothecavernoussinusorsphenoidsinus.Ofallthecases,benigntumorsweredemonstratedin28cases(75.6%,28/37)andmalignantin9(24.3%,9/37).Themostcommonlesiontypewasmeningiomain11cases(29.7%,11/37).Extraocularmuscles(EOM)impairment,occurringin21cases(56.7%,21/37),wasthemostfrequentpostoperativecomplication.Themostseriousconsequencewasvisionlossoccurredin4cases(10.8%,4/37).Othercomplications,suchas11casesoftransientblepharoptosis29.7%(11/37),5casesofmydriasisin13.5%(5/7);2casesofcerebrospinalrhinorrheain5.4%(2/37).·CONCLUSION:Cranio-orbitaltumorscanberemovedcompletelyusingtranscranialapproach,andthepterionalapproachoffersexcellentexposure.Cooperationofinterdisciplinaryteamofneurosurgeonsandophthalmologistsconducestofulluseofrespectiveprofessionaladvantages.Theexperienceofophthalmicoperationtechnologycandecreaseoccurrenceofocularcomplicationsaftersurger