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简介：ThisPaperdescribestheepidemiologicalsituationofSTDsathomeandabroad,therelationshipbetweenSTDsandtravelandtheimpactofSTDsoninternationaltarval.ItalsoanalysesSTD’scausativefactorsandraisespreventivemeasuresforSTDs.

简介：AbstractPeriprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is the most difficult complication following total joint arthroplasty. Most of the etiological strains, accounting for over 98% of PJI, are bacterial species, with Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase-negative staphylococci present in between 50% and 60% of all PJIs. Fungi, though rare, can also cause PJI in 1%—2% of cases and can be challenging to manage. The management of this uncommon but complex condition is challenging due to the absence of a consistent algorithm. Diagnosis of fungal PJI is difficult as isolation of the organisms by traditional culture may take a long time, and some of the culture-negative PJI can be caused by fungal organisms. In recent years, the introduction of next-generation sequencing has provided opportunity for isolation of the infective organisms in culture-negative PJI cases. The suggested treatment is based on consensus and includes operative and non-operative measures. Two-stage revision surgery is the most reliable surgical option for chronic PJI caused by fungi. Pharmacological therapy with antifungal agents is required for a long period of time with antibiotics and included to cover superinfections with bacterial species. The aim of this review article is to report the most up-to-date information on the diagnosis and treatment of fungal PJI with the intention of providing clear guidance to clinicians, researchers and surgeons.

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简介：Inthisarticle,theauthorlistedalotoffactstoillustratethehealthhazardsmaybemetduringtravel,anddescribedvarioushealthproblemcausedbythehazards.Travelersmayknowthesehazardsandthentakethenecessarypreventionmeasuresthroughtravelhealthconsultation.Andthetravelersthemselvesmayassistthedoctorsindiagnosisandcurethehealthproblemrelatedtotravel.Inthiswaythetravelershealthmaybeprotected.TheauthorpointedoutthattheChinesepeopleshouldcreatetheirownenvironmentandtrainstaffforthegraduallyinitialingoftravelhealthconsultation.

简介：Pigmentedspotisanimportantbranchinthescienceofskin.Butwhenprocessingthoseimages,themicroscopicalfocusingproblemarises.Itaffectstheimagerecognitionlater.Inordertofindthebestmethodtosolveit,comparisonandanalysisaregiventovariousexistingmethodsofimagefusioninthispaper.Theconclusioniswavelettransformbasedonpixel-level.

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简介：AbstractBackground:A steady progress on schistosomiasis control in the Peoples’ Republic of China (P.R. China) was achieved and broadened into the twelve-year medium and long term national plan (MLNP) which marled the implementation of an integrated control strategy across all endemic areas in P.R. China in 2004. To understand the endemic trends of schistosomiasis to assess the effectiveness of an integrated strategy, we conducted an analysis of schistosomiasis surveillance data spanned from 2005 to 2015.Methods:The schistosomiasis sentinel surveillance data from sentinel sites were collected and analyzed from 2005 to 2015. In these sentinel sites, residents aged 6 years or above were screened annually by indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA), while only antibody positives were followed by stool examination either Kato-katz method (KK) and/or hatching technique (HT). Domestic animals raised in sentinel sites were examined by HT for confirming the infection of schistosomes. Snail investigation was conducted each year through systematic sampling method combined with environmental sampling method. The snails collected from field were tested by microscopic dissection method. The infection rates of schistosomes in residents, domestic animals and snails, as well as the indicators reflecting the snails’ distribution were calculated and analyzed. ANOVA analysis was used to examine the changes of the number of eggs per gram feces in population and Chi-square test was used to examine any change in proportions among groups.Results:A total of 148 902 residents from sentinel sites attended this study and 631 676 blood samples were examined by IHA test during the 11 covered years. The annual average antibody positive rates presented a significant decrease trends, from 17.48% (95% CI: 17.20–17.75%) in 2005 to 5.93% (95% CI: 5.71–6.15%) (χ2= 8890.47, P < 0.001) in 2015. During 2005–2015, the average infection rate of schistosomes in residents declined from 2.07% (95% CI: 1.96–2.17%) to 0.13% (95% CI: 0.09–0.16%), accompanied by significant decrease of infection intensity in population. In 2015, the stool positives were only found in farmers, fishermen and boatmen with infection rate of 0.16% (95% CI: 0.11–0.20%), 0.17% (95% CI: 0–0.50%) respectively. The infection rate of schistosomes in domestic animals dropped from 9.42% (538/5711, 95% CI: 8.66–10.18%) to 0.08% (2/2360, 95% CI: 0–0.20%) from 2005 to 2015. Infections were found in eight species of domestic animals at the beginning of surveillance while only two cattle were infected in 2015. Totally 98 ha of new snail habitats were found, while 94.90% (93/98) distributed in lake and marshland regions. The percentage of frames with snails decreased from 16.96% (56 884/33 5391, 95% CI: 16.83–17.09%) in 2005 to 4.28% (18 121/423 755, 95% CI: 4.22–4.34%) in 2014, with a slightly increase in 2015. Meanwhile, the infection rate of schistosomes in snails was decreased from 0.26% (663/256 531, 95% CI: 0.24–0.28%) to zero during 2005–2015.Conclusions:The infection rate of schistosomes declined significantly, providing evidence that the goal of the MLNP was achieved. Elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem defined as WHO was also reached in P.R. China nationwide. Surveillance-response system should be improved and strengthened to realize the final goal of schistosomiasis elimination.

简介：摘要目的探讨PBL教学法在更换气管插（套）管路径中的应用。方法采用自身前后对照方法，参与培训医生先按传统教学法，后按PBL教学法学习此项操作，比较两种方法更换气管套管的成功率的差别。结果传统教学法更换气管套管的成功率为64.3%，PBL教学法更换气管套管的成功率为87.5%，两种方法有显著性差异（P＜0.05）。结论PBL教学法提高了更换气管套管这种复杂操作的掌握率，可能具有在临床教学中推广应用的价值。

简介：摘要目的探究以问题为基础的教学法（Problem-BasedLearning，PBL）在普外科实习生带教中的应用效果。方法以80名在我院普外科实习的实习生作为研究对象（属于2013年9月-2016年9月期间），随机分成2组，40名/组。对照组采取传统教学法，观察组实施PBL教学法。将两组的理论知识测试成绩、综合能力考核成绩以及问卷指标评分进行对比。结果观察组的上述各项成绩、评分均高于对照组（p＜0.05）。结论PBL教学法在普外科实习生带教中的应用效果较好。