简介:The2008Wenchuanearthquake,amajorintraplateearthquakewithMw7.9,occurredontheslowlydeformingLongmenshanfault.Tobetterunderstandthecausesofthisdevastatingearthquake,weneedknowledgeoftheregionalstressfieldandtheunderlyinggeodynamicprocesses.Here,wedeterminefocalmechanismsolutions(FMSs)ofthe2008Wenchuanearthquakesequence(WES)usingbothP-wavefirst-motionpolaritydataandSH/Pamplituderatio(AR)data.AsP-wavepolaritiesaremorereliableinformation,theyaregivenpriorityoverSH/PAR,thelatterofwhichareusedonlywhentheformerhaslooseconstraintontheFMSs.Wecollectdatafromthreecategories:(1)permanentstationsdeployedbytheChinaEarthquakeAdministration(CEA);(2)theWesternSichuanPassiveSeismicArray(WSPSA)deployedbyInstituteofGeology,CEA;(3)globalstationsfromIncorporatedResearchInstitutionsforSeismology.Finally,129eventswithmagnitudeoverMs4.0inthe2008WESareidentifiedtohavewell-constrainedFMSs.Amongthem,83arewellconstrainedbyP-wavepolaritiesonlyasshownbyCaietal.(EarthqSci24(1):115–125,2011),andtherestofwhicharenewlyconstrainedbyincorporatingSH/PAR.BasedonthespatialdistributionandFMSsoftheWES,wedrawfollowingconclusions:(1)theprinciplecompressionaldirectionsofmostFMSsoftheWESaresubhorizontal,generallyinagreementwiththeconclusiongivenbyCaietal.(2011)butwithafewmodificationsthatthecompressionaldirectionsareWNW–ESEaroundWenchuanandENE–WSWaroundQingchuan,respectively.ThesubhorizontalcompressionaldirectionalongtheLongmenshanfaultfromSWtoNEseemstohavealeftlateralrotation,whichagreeswellwithregionalstressfieldinvertedbyformerresearchers(e.g.,Xuetal.,ActaSeismolSin30(5),1987;ActaGeophysSin32(6),1989;Cuietal.,SeismolGeol27(2):234–242,2005);(2)theFMSsoftheeventsnotonlyreflectedtheregionalstressstateoftheLongmenshanregion,butalsowereobviouslycontrolledbythefaultstosomeextent,whichwaspointedou
简介:CaSiofx-4500p计算器的各种功能较之fx-3600p、fx—180p等有了长足的进步。该机最大步骤数为1103步,具有转移和子程序功能,用以复杂的重复计算。该机不失为现场测量人员选用的较好机型,现简介如下:
简介:Airtemperatureisakeyindexreflectingclimatechange.Airtemperatureextremesareveryimportantbecausetheystronglyinfluencethenaturalenvironmentandsocietalactivities.TheArcticairtemperatureextremesnorthof60°Nareinvestigatedinthewinter.Dailydatafrom238stationsatnorthof60°Nfromtheglobalsummaryofthedayfortheperiod1979–2015areusedtostudythetrendsofcolddays,coldnights,warmdaysandwarmnightsduringthewintertime.Theresultsshowadecreasingtrendofcolddaysandnights(rateof–0.2to–0.3d/a)andanincreasingtrendofwarmdaysandnights(rateof+0.2to+0.3d/a)intheArctic.Themeantemperatureincreases,whichcontributestotheincreasing(decreasing)occurrenceofwarm(cold)daysandnights.Ontheotherhand,thevarianceatmoststationsdecreased,leadingtoareducednumberofcoldevents.ApositiveAO(ArcticOscillation)indexleadstoanincreased(decreased)numberofwarm(cold)daysandnightsovernorthernEuropeandwesternRussiaandanincreased(decreased)numberofcold(warm)daysandnightsovertheBeringStraitandGreenland.ThelowerextentofArcticautumnseaiceleadstoadecreasednumberofcolddaysandnights.TheoccurrencesofabruptchangesaredetectedusingtheMann-KendallmethodforcoldnightsoccurringinCanadain1998andforwarmnightsoccurringinnorthwesternEurasiain1988.ThisabruptchangemainlyresultedfromthemeanwarminginducedbysouthwindsandanincreasedNorthAtlanticseasurfacetemperature.
简介:微粒样品在一个洪水时期期间从Changjiang河系是镇定的,在1997年5月,并且与粒子联系的停靠港,稳定同位素和类脂化合物被检验。结果显示出减少(0。84%~1.88%)到河口的从上面的活动范围的器官的碳内容。器官的碳在-24的范围的微粒的δ~(13)C价值。9X10~(-3)到-26。6x10~(接近了大陆人C_3vegetation的同位素的签名的-3),。全部的微粒n链烷集中从1.4~10变化了。1μg/dm~3,或from23.7到全部的浮游物的107μg/g。丰满的酸在所有样品是在场的,从1.4to5.4μg/dm~3,与浸透并且在碳数字的不饱和的直链、分叉的混合物从C_(12)到C_(30)。δ~(13)C和到氮内容的碳内容的比率在粒子之中显示陆上的输入(土壤有机物)的优势。简历标记途径被用来在微粒样品识别源自陆地、本土的部分的相对部分。丰满的酸的分发在大多数粒子样品作为triking建议phytoplanktonic和微生物引起的信号。陆上的链烷被用来沿着主流估计陆上的输入的贡献。
简介:综合利用辽宁省及周边区域9部多普勒天气雷达组网拼图资料与地面加密自动气象站降水观测资料,通过最优化法,建立适合辽宁本地区的动态Z-I关系,实时得到高时空分辨率雷达定量降水反演资料。结果表明:对2011年台风"米雷"和2012年台风"达维"降水反演表明,动态Z-I关系法可以反演地面降水的主要空间分布特征,但反演的强降水中心存在较大偏差;动态Z-I关系法定量降水反演能力整体优于固定Z-I关系法,但存在高估小雨强度和抑制大雨强度的系统性偏差,特别是对于20.0mm·h^-1以上量级的强降水,平均误差达-10.0mm以上,平均相对误差超过70.0%;各量级降水样本所占比例的差异与地理区域气候条件的差异,是动态Z-I关系法反演降水产生误差的两个主要原因。
简介:利用地面气象观测资料和多普勒天气雷达探测资料,对山东省2014—2016年31站次小时降水量超过80mm强降水天气的分钟降水量变化特征、降水强度、Z-R关系、单体风暴参数特征和形态结构演变特征进行分析。结果表明,较大的对流有效位能(CAPE)值、较高的K指数和较低的抬升指数(LI),同时低层比湿在13g·kg~(-1)以上时易发生小时极端强降水;强降水单体演变具有明显的"列车效应"或移动缓慢特征,具有"列车效应"特征的有15次,移动缓慢的有8次,同时具有两种特征的有8次,降水持续时间基本在57~58min,5min和6min最大降水量均在15mm和17mm左右;用6min最大降水量平均值17.3mm作为强降水雨强,所对应站点低空反射率因子平均值为50.3dBZ,Z-R关系近似于Z=200R1.22;风暴最大反射率因子基本为50~59dBZ,液态累积含水量(VIL)基本为15~40kg·m~(-2),强回波中心高度基本在0℃层高度以下,风暴单体顶高8km以上,回波顶高11km以上,重心较低,降水强度大,适用于Z=200R~(1.22)关系进行降水强度估测。
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简介:Basedonwaveformdata,severalmethodstodeterminefocalmechanismsofsmallearthquakesweredevelopedsince1980.Kisslinger(1980)andJulian,Foulger(1996)proposedanapproachtodeterminesolutionbyusingamplituderatioofPandSwave.Schwartz(1995)devisedamethodtodeterminesolutionsbytheuseofpolaritydataandamplitudesofseismogramenvelopes.Amplitudesofshortperiodseismicwavespropagatinginaninhomogene-ousmediumaresensitivetothevariationinvelocityandQstructure.Nakamura,etal(1999)tookmediuminhomo-geneityintoaccountindeterminingfocalmechanismsofsmallearthquakesusingwaveformdata.Ifthelocationsofsmallearthquakesareconcentratedinasmallregion,wecanassumethattheraypathsfromtheeventstoagivenstationarealmostthesame.SoPandSwaveattenuationsareindependentofeventlocations.Inthiscaseitiscon-venienttodeterminefocalmechanismsoftheseeventsbyusingshortperiodPandSwavedataj.Focalmechanismsolutionsofsmallearthquakesin5regions,i.e.,Rongchang,Mabian-Muchuan,Ya¢an,BaoxingandMianzhu,whicharecoveredbytheChengduTelemeteredNetwork,areobtainedbyanalyzingthePpolarityandshortbodywaveamplitudedatarecordedinthenetworksince1992.AccordingtothemethodproposedbyGephartandForsyth(1984),basedonwelldeterminedfocalmechanismsolutionsin15sub-zonesofSichuanandYunnanarea,threeprincipalstresstensorss1,s2,ands3,insteadofaveragesofP,B,andTaxisofthesolutions,aredeterminedtorepresenttheregionalstressfielddistribution.
简介:AnanalyticalsolutionforscatteringofplanePwavesbyasemi-cylindricalhillwasderivedbyusingthewavefunctionexpansionmethod,andconvergenceofthesolutionandaccuracyoftruncationwereverified.Theeffectofincidentfrequencyandincidentangleonthesurfacemotionofthehillwasdiscussed,anditwasshownthatahillgreatlyamplifiesincidentplanePwaves,andmaximumhorizontaldisplacementamplitudesappearmostlyattheinclinedincidenceofwaves,whicharelocatedatthehalf-space;andmaximumverticaldisplacementamplitudesemergemostlyattheverticalincidenceofwaves,whicharesituatedatthehill.