简介：验光的目的在于获得清晰的视力,舒适的阅读跟持久的用眼。双眼平衡检查是指在验光时分别测得单眼MPMVA是否支持双眼同时的视觉活动加以检验和调整,最终达到使屈光不正者获得双眼屈光平衡及调节平衡,使屈光不正者真正获得清晰、舒适和持久的视力。双眼平衡的方法包括,棱镜分离法,交替遮盖法,偏振分离法,以及偏振红绿法等。

简介：干眼症是十分常见的眼表疾病,其发病机制至今尚未明确.近年来的研究表明基于免疫的炎症反应可能是各种类型干眼症发病的共同机制.泪腺及眼表面的炎症可导致泪腺及眼表上皮细胞损伤及凋亡、泪液中水样液及黏液的分泌减少,而性激素水平的异常可能是导致此炎症反应发生的重要因素,本文复习了以上热点问题的相关文献作一综述.

简介：过敏性眼表疾病是眼科门诊常见的眼部炎症。由于眼表暴露在各种各样的过敏原下,使眼部易导致过敏性反应。过敏性眼部疾病最特征的表现是眼部的瘙痒感,表现为双侧性,临床表现因人而异。

简介：Endogenousaspergillusendophthalmitis(EAE)afterkidneytransplantisararebutimportantclinicalproblemduetopotentiallydevastatingconsequences.EarlydiagnosisofEAE,timelyremovalofaffectedvitreousbyvitrectomy,properanti-fungaltreatment,allcontributedtothesuccessfulcontrolofthedisease.TherapeuticsuccessofEAEinpost-transplantpatientsdependslargelyonpromptdiagnosis.DefinitediagnosisofEAEisbasedonpositivecultureresultsofvitreousspecimen,whilefundoscopyandBscanultrasoundmayaidearlydiagnosis.Intermsofanti-fungalmedicine,amphotericinBhaslongbeenthefirstchoice,butitssystemicapplicaitonhassevereadversereactions,especiallyforpatientswithimpairedrenalfunction.Herein,wereportthetreatmentmodalityofEAEafterkidneytransplantwithvitrectomy,systemicadministrationofmicafunginplusvoriconazole,topicalapplicationoffluconazolandamphotercinB.

简介：AIM:Toinvestigatewhether15-Lipoxygenase-1(15-LOX-1)playsanimportantroleintheregulationofangiogenesis,inhibitinghypoxia-inducedproliferationofretinalmicrovascularendothelialcells(RMVECs)andtheunderlyingmechanism.METHODS:PrimaryRMVECswereisolatedfromtheretinasofC57/BL6JmiceandidentifiedbyanevaluationforFITC-markedCD31.ThehypoxiamodelswereestablishedwiththeBio-bagandevaluatedwithablood-gasanalyzer.ExperimentswereperformedusingRMVECstreatedwithandwithouttransferAd-15-LOX-1orAd-vectorbothunderhypoxiaandnormoxiaconditionat12,24,48,72hours.Theefficacyofthegenetransferwasassessedbyimmunofluorescencestaining.CellsproliferationwasevaluatedbytheCCK-8method.RNAandproteinexpressionsof15-LOX-1,VEGF-A,VEGFR-2,eNOsandPPAR-rwereanalyzedbyreal-timereversetranscriptionpolymerasechainreaction(RT-PCR)andWesternblot.RESULTS:RoutineevaluationforFITC-markedCD31showedthatcellswerepure.Theresultsofblood-gasanalysisshowedthatwhenthecultureswereexposedtohypoxiaformorethan2hours,thePo2was4.5to5.4Kpa.WeverifiedRMVECscouldbeinfectedwithAd-15-LOX-1orAd-vectorviaFluorescencemicroscopy.CCK-8analysisrevealedthattheproliferativecapacitiesofRMVECsinhypoxicgroupweresignificantlyhigherateachtimepointthantheywereinnormoxicgroup(P<0.05).Inahypoxiccondition,theproliferativecapacitiesofRMVECsin15-LOX-1groupweresignificantlyinhibited(P<0.05).Real-timeRT-PCRanalysisrevealedthattheexpressionsofVEGF-A,VEGF-R2andeNOsmRNAincreasedinhypoxiagroupcomparedwithnormoxiagroup(P<0.01).However,theexpressionsof15-LOX-1,PPAR-rmRNAdecreasedinhypoxiagroupcomparedwithnormoxiagroup(P<0.01).Italsoshowedthatinahypoxiccondition,theexpressionsofVEGF-A,VEGF-R2andeNOsmRNAdecreasedsignificantlyin15-LOX-1groupcomparedwithhypoxiagroup(P<0.01).However,15-LOX-1andPPAR-rmRNAincreasedsigni

简介：AIM:Todescribethedesignandpreliminaryresultsofthehospitalbasedepidemiologicalstudyfordiabeticretinopathy(HBESDR),anongoingepidemiologicalstudytoestimatetheprevalenceofdiabeticretinopathy(DR)andtoelucidatetheclinical,anthropometric,biochemicalandanyotherriskfactorsassociatedwithdiabeticretinopathy.METHODS:Totally2000diabeteswillberecruitedfromtheDiabeteseyeclinicintheFirstAffiliatedHospitalofChinaMedicalUniversity.AllsubjectsunderwentbloodsugarestimationandOralGlucoseToleranceTesttodiagnosediabetes.Alldiabeteswouldundergocompletequestionnaire,acomprehensiveeyeexamination.Bloodandurinewouldbecollectedforbiochemicalinvestigations.AllfundusphotographsforanyDRwillbegraded.Participantswhoneedtreatmentwillbesenttotheophthalmicclinicandfollow-upintervalprogramforallsubjectswillbesuggested.Acomputerizeddatabaseiscreatedfortherecords.RESULTS:Todate,1174diabeteshavebeenrecruited,therewere350(29.81%)DRinalldiabetes,mostofthemwerewithmildnon-proliferativediabeticretinopathy(NPDR)(139,39.71%);71(20.29%)moderateNPDR,66(18.86%)severeNPDR,74(21.14%)proliferativediabeticretinopathy(PDR).Females,longerdurationofdiabetes,familyhistoryofdiabetesandhypertensionhadastatisticallysignificantincreaseinriskofanyDR.CONCLUSION:ThestudyisexpectedtoprovideanestimateoftheoverallprevalenceofDRandtheprevalencewithdifferentdurationofdiabetesandalsoabetterunderstandingoftheriskfactorsassociatedwithDR.

简介：目的比较面神经垂直段CT定位和解剖定位。方法15例开颅取脑后的颅底标本，对面神经管垂直段至外耳道后壁、外耳门后缘、颈静脉窝外侧壁与前壁水平之间距离进行直接测量，并与64层螺旋CT测量进行比较。结果尸骨直接测量与CT测量结果分别是（3．01±0．65）mm与（3．09±0．68）mm，（10．98±1．72）mm与（10．98±1．64）mm，（3．99±1．23）mm与（3．91±1．17）mm，（8．32±1．86）mm与（8．24±1．92）mm；两种方法测量值差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论CT测量方法可靠，测得值可信。CT扫描有助于明确诊断。

简介：眩光是很常见的现象,也是引起车祸以及视觉疲劳一个重要因素.偏振照明系统可以过滤对面的偏振光,增加会车时司机的视力范围以及分辨力,完美解决夜间会车的失能性眩光.而对于日常生活中常见的反射性眩光,偏振眼镜可以过滤反射形成的平面偏振光,得到清晰的视觉.

简介：AIM:Toreporttheeffectivenessandsafetyofprimary23-Gauge(G)vitreoretinalsurgeryforrhegmatogenousretinaldetachment(RRD).·METHODS:Inthisretrospectivestudy,49eyesof49consecutivepatientswhounderwentprimary23-Gtransconjunctivalsuturelessvitrectomy(TSV)forRRDbetweenJanuary2007andJuly2009atourinstitutionwereevaluated.·RESULTS:Meanfollow-uptimewas8.9±7.7months(1-28months).Retinalreattachmentwasachievedwithasingleoperationin47(95.9%)of49eyes.Intwoeyes(4.1%),retinalredetachmentduetonewbreakswassuccessfullytreatedwithreoperationusingthe23-GTSVsystem.MeanlogMARvisualacuitywas2.01±0.47preoperativelyand1.3±0.5postoperatively(P<0.001,Pairedt-test).Meanpreoperativeintraocularpressure(IOP)was14.1±2.8mmHg.MeanpostoperativeIOPwas12.3±3.6mmHgat1day,13.1±2.1mmHgat1week,14.3±2.2mmHgat1month.Iatrogenicperipheralretinalbreakwasobservedin1eye(2.0%)intraoperatively.Nosutureswererequiredtoclosethescleralorconjunctivalopenings,andnoeyesrequiredconvertionofsurgeryto20-Gvitrectomy.·CONCLUSION:Primary23-GTSVsystemwasobservedtobeeffectiveandsafeinthetreatmentofRRD.

简介：<正>作者就21例(40侧)鼻窦内窥镜手术所取得初步经验总结如下。临床资料和手术方法21例中男15例,女6例。年龄21～76岁。筛窦(包括窦口鼻道复合体)息肉16例,上颌窦息肉5例。有1～3次鼻手术史5例。有不同程度嗅觉减退、脓涕多者8例。全部病例均有头胀痛、鼻塞症状。21例中行前组筛窦开放上颌窦根治17例(32侧)。全组筛窦开放+上颌窦根治4例(8侧)。术后1、3、6个月行鼻窦内窥镜复查,并清除残留或复发病变组织、分解粘连。

简介：黄斑水肿是眼底疾病的常见并发症，可发生在糖尿病视网膜病变、视网膜静脉阻塞、葡萄膜炎以及白内障等多种眼前后段疾病和内眼手术后。因其损害中心视功能造成严重视力障碍，且尚无好的治疗方法而备受关注。黄斑水肿的病因各异，其治疗首先应治疗原发病；此外，针对黄斑水肿，除了传统的激光光凝等方法外，

简介：泪道阻塞是眼科的常见病，有先天性和后天性两大类，易发展为急，慢性泪囊炎，以手术治疗为主，目的是重建或恢复泪液的引流通路，传统手术方面报道较多的是泪囊鼻腔吻合术（EXT-DCR）虽然成功率可达85％，但在颜面部残留永久性疤痕，影响美容，非手术方法主要有：探通，置线，置管等，但只是简单的解决问题，而且易致周围组织刺激，更容易形成粘连和疤痕使管腔再度阻塞。目前，虽然报道使用激光泪道成形术收到较好的效果，泪道能够冲洗通畅，但部分仍有溢泪症状。近年来，随着内窥镜技术不断成熟，既微创又美观的手术要求越来越高，因此，诸如鼻内窥镜下泪囊鼻腔吻合术（IECR）得以开展和创新。另外高分子材料及其它医疗器械的不断更新和完善，其治疗手段有了长足的进步。

简介：目的了解胚胎小鼠内耳发育早期的形态学特征及规律.方法利用光镜观察胚胎第8d(embryonicday,E8)到15d的C57BL/6小鼠内耳发育过程中的形态变化.结果C57BL/6小鼠E8出现耳的始基(听板),随后形成听凹、听泡,E10前庭、耳蜗才开始发育,E14内耳感觉上皮才初步分化为支持细胞和毛细胞.结论C57BL/6小鼠的前庭部先开始发育,耳蜗形成较迟;在E11至E15期间形态变化明显,到E15内耳初具成熟形态.

简介：人工耳蜗是重度耳聋患者重建听力的惟一有效装置.虚拟通道是利用电流定向技术产生比已有电极数目更多的可感知的音调信息,不仅能提高噪声环境下的言语分辨率、音乐欣赏力,还可以提高汉语音调的识别率.

简介：目的探讨带虹膜隔张力环植入手术治疗虹膜缺损的护理措施。方法回顾分析我院所诊治的虹膜缺损患者24例,24例患者均行带虹膜隔张力环植入的手术,针对性的对该手术不同类型的患者加强心理护理、术前准备、术后护理及预防并发症的发生。结果所有患者均根据虹膜缺损的范围和程度选择并放置合适型号的带虹膜隔张力环,术后随访3个月,均未发现张力环、人工晶状体偏位、移位,晶状体囊袋损伤及瞳孔阻滞等现象。结论囊袋内植入带人工虹膜的张力环治疗部分或完全虹膜缺损,取得了较好的治疗效果,开辟了该类疾病治疗的新思路,手术期间应加强患者的心理护理及术后的密切观察,及时采取相应的护理措施,从而减少并发症,提高疗效。

简介：·AIM:Toinvestigatetheantifibroticeffectoffreeze-driedbilayeredfibrin-bindingamnioticmembraneontrabeculectomyinarabbitmodel.·METHODS:Twenty-fourJapanesewhiterabbitswererandomizedintothreegroups:theexperimentalgroup(oculartrabeculectomyincombinationwithfreeze-driedbilayeredfibrin-bindingamnioticmembranetransplantation),thecontrolgroup(oculartrabeculectomyincombinationwithnaturalbilayeredfibrin-bindingamnioticmembrane)andtheblankgroup(singletrabeculectomy).Clinicalobservation,hematoxylin-eosinstaining,Massionstaining,real-timePCRandimmunohistochemistryforα-SMAwereperformedondays7,14,21and30followingsurgery.·RESULTS:Statisticaldifferenceswerenotedinsurvivalanalysisandintraocularpressure(IOP)amonggroupsondays7,14,21and30followingsurgery.Histology,immunoh-istochemistryandreal-timePCRfurtherdemonstratedthattrabeculectomyincombinationwithfreeze-driedbilayeredfibrin-bindingamnioticmembraneresultedingoodwoundhealingandnoscarformation.·CONCLUSION:Self-madefreeze-driedbilayeredfibrin-bindingamnioticmembranemayinhibittheformationofscarringinglaucomaaftertrabeculectomy.·

简介：AIM:Topresentretinalmicrostructure,metabolismandfunctionabnormalitiesinthecourseofmultipleevanescentwhitedotsyndrome(MEWDS)byHeidelbergspectralismodalityimagingplatformandobserveitsoutcomebyEDI-SD-OCTandtwowavelengthautofluorescence.METHODS:Acaseofmultipleevanescentwhitedotsyndromeina23-year-oldfemalepresentedinitiallywitha15-dayhistoryoffloatersandacentralscotomaintherighteye.Toestablishthediagnosis,multimodalityimagingwasperformed,namely,bluelight-fundusautofluorescence(BL-FAF,excitation488nm,emission>500nm),near-infraredfundusautofluorescence(NIR-FAF,excitation787nm,emission>800nm)usingaconfocalscanninglaserophthalmoscope,fundusfluoresceinangiography(FFA),indocyaninegreenangiography(ICGA),spectrum-domainenhancedepthimagingopticalcoherencetomography(SD-EDI-OCT),multifocalelectroretinography(mf-ERG)andfundusphotograghwereperformedandfollowedupattheeighthmonthafterinitiallyvisiting.RESULTS:Opticalcoherencetomography(OCT)showedatransientdisruptionofthefovealphotoreceptoroutersegmentsincorrespondencetofovealgranularity.NIR-FAFshowedhypoautofluorescentareas,≤40μminsize,mostlyconcentratedaroundtheposteriorpoleanditstemporalsidelessthanthatinBL-FAF.Mf-ERGshowpinnacledisappearedinfoveaandmaculaandresponsesdecreasedmarkedlycomparedwiththefolloweye.Attheeighthmonthfollowup,hyperfluorescenceinBL-FAFweredisappear,while,NIR-FAFHypofluorescentspotsinearlystageofsuchlesionwerereduced.ButOCTdemonstratedthestructurewasrecoveredinresidualHypofluorescentareainNIR-FAF.Thesubfovealchoroidalthicknesswasdecreasedfrom372μmto307μmslightlyandcostlinewasrecovered.CONCLUSION:MEWDSisabenignself-healingdiseaseandthereisnopathologicalevidencetoinvestigatethenaturalcourseofsuchdisease.SD-OCTallowshighlydetailedimagesapproachinghistopathologytocertifythemicrostructura

简介：人的双眼是在同一个方向面向前方的,而许多动物的眼睛是在头的两侧各一个的（比如马）。正常情况下,人眼运动是协调的,所以物体在每只眼睛的中央成像。由于双眼分开一段距离，所以物体在每只眼成的像，有微小的差别。大脑将来自双眼的像融合，形成一个有深度的三维图像。这种三维视觉（又称为立体视觉或双眼视）给我们深度知觉。这使我们可以更准确的判断距离，尤其是在物体靠近我们时。试着只睁一只眼来穿针，你就会更加体会双眼视的好处。

简介：相当部分的喉癌患者确诊时已是Ⅲ期或Ⅳ期,传统治疗方案中喉全切除术的比率较高,而喉全切除术是令患者最难以接受的治疗方案.对于一些局部晚期喉癌患者,即肿瘤局部浸润程度较高（T3～T4）而淋巴转移较少（N0～N1）,以顺铂为基础的同步放化疗不仅保留了喉功能,而且其远期生存率与手术为主的传统治疗方案相当,本文就喉癌的同步放化疗研究进展进行综述.

简介：小梁切除术是开角型青光眼中最常规的手术治疗方法。让病人在第一时间里对于小梁切除术有足够的理解是十分困难的，但这一点很重要。患者常常没有眼科医生所关注的眼部症状，他的疾病往往是医生告之后才知道。小梁切除术最好的结果也仅仅是维持视力，另外手术治疗的结果也可能使视力恶化。