简介：PotexperimentswerecarriedouttoestimateN2fixationbyvetch,milkvetch,sicklealfalfaandbroadbeaninpurestandusinga^15N-labelledsoil.Winterwheatwasusedasthenon-fixingcontrol.The15N-labelledsoilusedwaspreparedbygrowingcorn-wheat-cornsuccessivelyonanearlyorganic-matter-freeXiashuloesssupplementedwithadequateamountsof(15NH4)2SO4,P,Kandmicronutrients,thenincorporatingthese15N-labelledplantmaterialsintothesoilaftereachhavest,andallowingtheplantmaterialstobedecomposedaerobicallyfor410dafterincorporationoftheplantmaterialofthethirecrop.The15Nenrichmentofwheatplant-Nvariedslightlywithorgans,withamaximumdifferenceof9.8%,Basedon15NenrichmentofsoilNinferredfromthemeanvalueofthe15Nenrichmentindifferentorgansofwheat79%-91%oftotalNinthetopsand67%-74%oftotalNintherootsoflegumesstudiedwerederivedfromatmosphere.EstimatebyisotopedilutionmethodwasingoodagreementwiththatbytheconventionaldifferencemethodprovidedvaluesobtainedbythelatterwerecorrectedforseedN,andalsowiththatfromthemeasurementofNaccumulatedinthetopsofthelegumes.

简介：Fivehumicfractionswereobtainedfromauniformly^15N-labelledsoilbyextractionwith0.1molL^-1Na4P2O7,0.1molL^-1NaOH,andHF/HCl-0.1molL^-1NaOH,consecutively,andanalyzedby^13Cand^15NCPMASNMR(crosspolarizationandmagicanglespinningnuclearmagneticresonace).Comparedwiththoseofnativesoilshumicfractionsstudiedasawholecontainedmorealkyls,methoxylsandO-alkyls,being27%-36%,17%-21%and36%-40%,respectively,butfeweraromaticsandcarboxyls(bein14%-20%and13%-90%,respectively),Amongthosehumicfractions,thehumicacid(HA)andfulvicacid(FA)extractedby0.1molL^-1Na4P2O7containedslightlymorecarboxylsthancorrespondinghumicfractionsextractedby0.1molL^-1NaOH,andtheHAextactedby0.1molL^-1NaOHaftertreatmentwithHF/HClcontainedtheleastaromaticsandcarboxyls.Thedistributionofnitrogenfunctionalgroupsofsoilhumicfractionsstudiedwasquitesimilartoeachotherandalsoquitesimilartothatofhumicfractionfromnativesoils.Morethan75%oftotalNineachfractionwasinamidefrom,with9%-13%presentasaromaticand/oraliphaticaminesandtheremainderasheerocyclicN.

简介：Nitrogenousfertilisersareunderconsiderationforpromotingthegrowthofnursery-rearedhooppine(AraucariacunninghamiiAitonexA.Cunn)seedlingsintheestablishmentphaseofsecondrotation(2R)plantations.Using15N-labelledfertilisers,weinvestigatedtheeffectofdifferentforms(ammoniumsulphate,ammoniumnitrate,potassiumnitrateandurea)andratesofapplication(0,150and300mgNkg-1driedsoil)offertilisersonthegrowth,15Nrecoveryandcarbonisotopecomposition(δ13C)ofhooppineseedlingsina12-monthglasshousetrialinsoutheastQueensland,Australia.The15N-labelledfertiliserswereappliedtonursery-rearedhooppineseedlings,whichwerethengrowninpots,containingca.1.2kgdriedsoil,underwellwateredconditionsfor12months.Fourseedlingsfromeachtreatmentwereharvestedat4-monthintervals,dividedintoroots,stemandfoliage,withafurthersubdivisionfornewandoldfoliage,andthenanalysedfor15N,totalN,δ13CandtotalC.Therewasnosignificantresponseintheseedlinggrowthtotheformorrateofapplicationofnitrogen(N)fertiliserwithinthe12-monthperiod,indicatingthattheseedlingsdidnotexperienceNdeficiencywhengrownonsecondrotationhooppinesoils.Whilethecombined15Nrecoveryfromsoilandplantremainedataround70%throughouttheexperiment,theproportionof15Nrecoveredfromtheplantsincreasingsteadilyovertime.Nitratecontainingfertilisersat150mgNkg-1soilgraduallyincreasedseedlingfoliageδ13Coverthe12-monthperiod,indicatinganincreaseinseedlingwateruseefficiency.

简介：polyolefin涂的脲的有效性(Meister-5和Meister-10；CU)在小麦(TriticumaestivumL.)玉米(ZeamaysL.)旋转系统在为收割季节的三连续maize-wheat-maize位于北方中国平原的溶度计阴谋被学习。一个同位素的方法被用来把CU的命运比作非涂的脲(NCU)的，并且N申请0，100，150和225kgNha−1评价被评估。结果证明CU的氮使用效率(15NUE)是比为第一庄稼的NCU的大的13.3%–21.4%。或者，当差别方法被使用时(明显的NUE)，没有重要变化在所有三个季节在处理之中被观察。尽管无机的N从1.3m层沥滤，不到1%总数被使用N，15N的未辩别出的损失(=15N作为化肥–15N使用了的15N的损失由留在0–0.2m层–15N的庄稼–15N吸收了从1.3m层沥滤)在对待CU的阴谋是24.2%–26.5%比那些低对待NCU的阴谋。在在实验的结束的CU阴谋的0–1.3m层的硝酸盐集中是53%比对待NCU的阴谋的低。因此，CU从化肥增加了庄稼N举起并且减少了应用N的未辩别出的损失，它能减少地下水污染的风险。

简介：Threegoatswerefedwith^15N-labelledricestrawtostudythecharacteristicsofdigestion,assimilation,transformationandexcretionofCandNcompoundsfromricestraw.Itwasshownthattheamountof^15Ntransformedintothebodiesofthetwoslaughteredgoatsaccountedfor38.5and23.6%ofthetotalamountof^15Ndepositionoftheexperimentaldiettakenbyeachgoat.The^15Nexcretedthroughthefecesandurineforthethreegoatsaccountedfor34.8,33.2and33.9%ofthetotalamountof^15Ndepositioninthefeedofthe3goats.Therecoveryoftotal^15Nforthetwoslaughteredgoatswere73.3and57.5%,withthecorrespondingratesof^15Nloss26.7and42.5%respectively.ThedigestibilitiesoftotalaminoacidsforGoats1and3were68.7and54.0%,andthedigestibiltiesofcarbohydratesforthetwogoatswere74.8and67.7%respectively.

简介：到环境因素的空间的全体的土壤氮(N)同位素作文和时间的规模和他们的关系的模式说明N周期并且N采购原料，并且是到全球变化的陆上的N周期和它的反应的综合指示物。这研究的目的是：我)15N(15N)在Qinghai西藏的高原上在不同生态系统类型和土壤侧面珍视调查土壤N内容和自然许多的模式；ii)珍视在土壤N内容和土壤15N的模式上检验气候的因素和土壤特征的效果；并且iii)介绍越过生态系统和土壤测试在土壤15N价值和土壤C/N比率之间的关系。土壤侧面沿着二横断在51个地点被取样在长度的1875km和200km分开并且在Qinghai西藏的高原上的森林，草地和大草原里分布式。每个地点被取样从0～40厘米和每件样品的土壤深度的每10厘米为土壤N内容和15N价值被分析。我们的结果比的显示在草地的土壤N和15N价值(040厘米)高得多在荒芜的大草原。当沿着土壤侧面的土壤15N价值的变化不要不是土壤15N价值趋于与土壤深度增加的山草地，低地草地，和适度的大草原在大多数生态系统之中是统计上重要的时，土壤N为每个生态系统与土壤深度减少了。在土壤15N价值和吝啬的年度降水之间的寓言的关系显示土壤15N价值与在荒芜的大草原增加降水直到500公里增加了，然后与越过所有另外的生态系统增加降水减少了。而且，在15N价值之间的寓言的关系和吝啬的年度温度在所有单个生态系统类型存在。土壤N和15N价值(040厘米)随土壤淤泥和泥土内容的增加增加了。而且，大约11的C/N比率的阀值把在土壤15N价值和土壤C/N比率之间的寓言的关系划分了成积极(C/N<11)并且否定(C/N>11)分开，它越过所有生态系统和土壤侧面是有效的。为土壤15N价值的土壤C/N比率的大解释力量建议了那C和N集中，被降水和温度�

简介：为了解干旱半干旱区草原植物生态位格局，运用Levins生态宽度指数及Pianka生态位重叠指数，对宁夏盐池人工封育草原2002年及2003年植物生态位宽度及生态位重叠进行计量。结果表明：茵陈蒿的生物、生态学特性决定了它在该区的优势地位，2002年、2003年其生态位宽度远远高于其他物种（0．758和0．868），并且继续保持上升趋势；2002年及2003的生态位重叠结果均表明，生态位宽度大的物种不一定和其他物种有大的重叠值，较高的生态位宽度和较高的生态位重叠之间并不存在直接的线性关系；2002年、2003年较高的Pianka生态位重叠值都出现在生态位宽度较小的物种之间。这一现象从另外一个角度说明植被恢复过程中环境资源存在着高度的空间异质性。

简介：TheadsorptionkineticsofPb^2+ondifferentsoilsandmineralswithvariablechargeswasstudiedbythetwoion-selectiveelectrodetechniqueatdifferentpHandconcentrations.Theresultsshowedthatmorethan95%ofadsorptiononallthesamplesoccurredduringthefirst5minutes.Alladsorptiontime-dependentdatacouldfitthesurfacesecond-orderequationverywell.ThevaluesofXmweregoethite>kaolinite,andlatosol>redsoilatthesameinitialreactionconcentration.Thevaluesofkwerekaolinite>>goethite,andlatosol>redsoilatthesamereactionpHandinitialconcentration.ThehigherthesuspensionpH,thefastertheadsorptionoccurred.ThemeaningofXmgotbythetwoion-selectiveelectrodetechnique(onekindofbatchtechnique)wasdifferentfromthatbythemiscibledisplacementtechniqueinthattheformerwasonlytheequilibriumadsorptionamountatadefiniteconcentrationandpH,butthelatterwasalmostequaltotheadsorptioncapacityatadefinitepHwithmuchlessinfluenceofconcentration.OnePb^2+wassupposedtooccupytwoadsorptionsitesastheadsorptionmechanismisconcerned.

简介：利用2012年5月-2013年4月元阳梯田水源区林地、灌木地、荒草地的土壤含水率数据，对元阳梯田水源区典型土地利用方式下，不同坡位土壤水分的变化进行了分析。结果表明，研究区0-100cm深度内，土壤表层水分的变化均比深层强烈。林地旱季的变化范围明显比雨季大；灌木地、荒草地分别于20cm处和40-60cm处存在“根系层”和水分的低湿层，该层上下土壤透水性和水力传导度不同。同时，不同土地利用方式下，不同坡位土壤水分的变化各异，各坡位土壤含水率之间的差异性也各不相同。

简介：河口至平台公路属典型的山区线型工程,沿线91%路段属山岭重丘区,路基挖填、桥梁架设、隧道开挖以及便道修筑等,不可避免地深层扰动地表、破坏植被。此外,工程建设产生大量弃渣和异地取土,造成新的挖损地貌。若无完善的水土流失防治措施,势必造成严重的水土流失危害。笔者针对河口至平台公路的建设情况与区域特点,探讨高速公路建设过程中的水土流失特征及防治措施,以期为广东省同类建设项目水土流失防治提供参考。

简介：第9届中国水土保持学会青年科技奖评选结果近日公布，中国水利水电科学研究院秦伟博士、长江水利委员会长江科学院刘纪根博士、黄河水利科学研究院水土保持研究所申震洲硕士、四川农业大学郑子成博士和华中农业大学资源与环境学院李朝霞博士（女）5位青年才俊获此殊荣。

简介：钴(公司)在自然地发生在重要数量存在锰(Mn)氧化物并且改变Mn氧化物晶体的生长。四分层的Mn氧化物，Na-buserite(Na公共汽车)并且三共同做从Mn的氧化准备的Na-buserite样品(哦)2与5%，10%，和20%Co/(Mn+公司)臼齿的比率(5Co-Na-bus，10Co-Na-bus，和20Co-Na-bus)，被用来准备todorokite，地球的表面上的普通Mn氧化物，把Mg2+/Co2+离子用作一个模板。结果证明todorokites能被交换Mg2+的非做的Na-buserite的倒流处理获得，三共同做在气压的Na-buserites。然而，todorokites的形成被交换Co2+的Na公共汽车，5Co-Na-bus，和10Co-Na-bus样品的倒流处理禁止。相反，todorokite被交换Co2+的20Co-Na-bus样品的倒流处理在气压下面获得。X光检查光电子光谱学分析证明做的公司在做的Na-buserites的MnO6层作为Co3+存在。在MnO6层的代替的Co3+的数量可以作为一个模板用Co2+离子在buserite的变换起一个关键作用到todorokite。

简介：生态位是研究植物种群对自然资源利用和适应能力的重要手段.应用生态位理论,对青海大通脑山地区青海云杉＋白桦人工混交林下植被群落10种灌木和11种草本植物的生态位宽度、生态位重叠值和生态响应等进行分析.结果表明：1）灌木层,金露梅和高山柳的生态位宽度最大;草本层,珠芽蓼和东方草莓的生态位宽度最大.表明它们广布于青海云杉＋白桦混交林下,现阶段对环境适应能力最强.2）生态位宽度较大的种群间的生态位重叠普遍较高,生态位宽度窄的物种间生态位重叠普遍较小,但生态位宽度较小的种对也会有较大的生态位重叠;同属的物种之间生态位重叠也有可能较小,这可能与同属物种的演替进化有关.3）灌木层中,柳叶绣线菊发展性最强,八宝茶衰退最严重;草本层中,北方拉拉藤发展性最强,猪殃殃衰退最严重.研究成果可为青海大通脑山地区退耕还林与生态造林工程建设提供理论参考.

简介：ForestmanagementisexpectedtoinfluencesoilCO2efflux(FCO2)asaresultofchangesinmicroenvironmentalconditions,soilmicroclimate,androotdynamics.SoilFCO2ratewasmeasuredduringthegrowingseasonof2006inboththinningandnon-thinninglocationswithinstandsrangingfrom0to8yearsafterthemostrecentthinninginChinesefir(Cunninghamialanceolata(Lamb.)Hook)plantationsinHuitongEcosystemResearchStation,Hunan,China.SoiltemperatureandmoisturewerealsomeasuredtoexaminerelationshipsbetweenFCO2andsoilproperties.ForestthinningresultedinhugechangesinFCO2thatvariedwithtimesincecutting.Immediatelyfollowingharvest(year0)FCO2inthinningareaincreasedbyabout30%,declinedto20%–27%belowpre-cuttinglevelsduringyears4–6,andrecoveredtopre-cuttinglevelsat8yearspost-cutting.Asimilartemporalpattern,butwithsmallerchanges,wasfoundinnon-thinninglocations.TheinitialincreaseinFCO2couldbeattributedtoacombinationofrootdecay,soildisturbance,andincreasedsoiltemperatureingaps,whilethesubsequentdecreaseandrecoverytothedeathandgradualregrowthofactiveroots.StrongeffectsofsoiltemperatureandsoilwatercontentonFCO2werefound.ForestthinningmainlyinfluencedFCO2throughchangesintreerootrespiration,andthenetresultwasadecreaseinintegratedFCO2fluxthroughtheentirefellingcycle.

简介：以黄土丘陵区纸坊沟流域内的大范家沟阴阳坡和拐沟阴坡坡面主要草本群落为研究对象,分析不同坡向及坡位的草本群落盖度、地上生物量及物种多样性关系。结果表明,阴坡草本群落的物种20多种,较阳坡高30%。阴阳坡面上草本群落生物量和盖度从坡下至坡上逐渐减小。在水分和养分条件好的地段均有灌木入侵。阳坡Margalef和Menhinick丰富度指数均随坡位升高而降低;而阴坡Mafgalef指数随坡位升高而降低,Menhinick指数却随坡位升高而增大;3个均匀度指数和多样性指数在阴阳坡均随坡位的升高而减小。不同坡位引起的植被盖度、Margalef丰富度指数和Alatalo均匀度指数存在显著差异（P〈0.05）。坡位与Margalef丰富度指数和Alatalo均匀度指数呈显著相关（P〈0.05）,与Shannon-wiener多样性指数呈极显著相关（P〈0.01）。描述或评价群落多样性、丰富度及均匀度时,应多选几个指标参数,避免单一指标带来的片面性。掌握草本群落自身喜阴阳特性、生境特征、植被组成及多样性特征,充分认识植被演替条件和演替规律,对指导该区植被和生态系统恢复与重建具有重要意义。

简介：弃土弃渣是高速公路建设项目水土流失的主要来源,如何对弃土弃渣妥善处置是高速公路建设项目水土保持方案设计的重点和难点。本文以怀集至阳江港高速公路怀集至郁南段项目为例,论述了高速公路项目在编报水土保持方案时,对弃土弃渣的一种处置方案,以期为今后建立高速公路水土保持技术体系提供参考依据。

简介：从土壤表面的二氧化碳(CO2)的流动在陆上的生态系统介绍碳(C)周期的一个重要部件并且被很多个关於生命、不能生活的因素控制。以便更好在副热带的森林里理解土壤CO2流动(FCO2)的特征，土壤FCO2率在五种邻近的森林类型被确定(樟脑树森林，马森松森林，混合樟脑树和马森消瘦森林，中国香甜的口香糖森林，并且猛砍松森林)在在长沙的Tianjiling国家公园，湖南省在副热带的中国，从1月到2010年12月。土壤温度(Tsoil)的影响，容量的土壤浇内容(土壤)，玷污pH，玷污器官的碳(SOC)并且玷污土壤FCO2率上的C/nitrogen(N)比率也被调查。年度吝啬的土壤FCO2率与森林类型变化了。土壤FCO2率在樟脑树森林里是最高的(3.53瑮楲畢楴湯?潴琠敨猠楯??中?湡?桴瑡倠?灡汰捩瑡潩?污潳愠捣汥牥瑡摥???牴湡晳牯慭楴湯椠?潳汩猠飼?飼吗？？

简介：Natural^15NabundancemethodwasusedinthisstudytoinvestigatetheN2-fiingcapacitiesofseveralherbaceousandshrublegumesbyafieldexperiment,Forherbaceouslegumes,theresultswereinconsistentwiththoseobtainedbyapotexperiment.CrotalariamucronataDesv.hadahigher,N2-fixingcapacitythanVignasinensis(L.)Savi.Forshurublegumes,N2-fixingCapacityunderfieldconditionwasslightlydifferentfromthatinpotexperiment.Theseresultsdemonstratedthatthenatural^15NabundancemethodwasapplicabletoevaluatingN2-fixingcapacitiesofherbaceousandshrublegumes,andthatpotexperimentwassuitableforevaluatingtheN2-fixingcapacitiesofnotonlyherbaceouslegumesbutalsoshrublegumes.LeguminousN2-fixingplantsdifferedinresponsetophosphorusfertilization,Phosphorusfertilizerappicationgreatlyincreasedthepercentageofnitrogenderivedfromair(%Ndfa)andtotalamountofN2fixedbyLespedezformosa(Vog.)Koehne(Jiangxi),PhosphorusfertilizershowednosignifcanteffectontheN2-fixingpercentageofCajanuscajan(L.)Millsp.butincreaseditstotalbiomass,thusincreasingthetotalamountofN2fixed.

简介：AfieldexperimentwasconductedonChinesecabbage(BrassicacampestrisL.ssp.pekinensis(Lour.)Olsson)inaNanjingsuburbin2003.Theexperimentincluded4treatmentsinarandomizedcompleteblockdesignwith3replicates:zerochemicalfertilizerN(CK);ureaatratesof300kgNha-1(U300)and600kgNha-1(U600),bothasbasalandtwotopdressings;andpolymer-coatedureaatarateof180kgNha-1(PCU180)asabasalapplication.Theacetyleneinhibitiontechniquewasusedtomeasuredenitrification(N2+N2O)fromintactsoilcoresandN2Oemissionsintheabsenceofacetylene.ResultsshowedthatcomparedtoCKtotaldenitrificationlossesweresignificantlygreater(P≤0.05)inthePCU180,U300,andU600treatments,whileN2OemissionsintheU300andU600treatmentsweresignificantlyhigher(P≤0.05)thanCK.IntheU300andU600treatmentspeaksofdenitrificationandN2OemissionwereusuallyobservedafterNapplication.Inthepolymer-coatedureatreatment(PCU180)duringtheperiod20to40daysaftertransplanting,higherdenitrificationratesandN2Ofluxesoccurred.Comparedwithurea,polymer-coatedureadidnotshowanyeffectonreducingdenitrificationlossesandN2OemissionsintermsofpercentageofappliedN.Astemperaturegraduallydecreasedfromtransplantingtoharvest,denitrificationratesandN2Oemissionstendedtodecrease.Asignificant(P≤0.01)positivecorrelationoccurredbetweendenitrification(r=0.872)orN2Oemission(r=0.781)fluxdensitiesandsoiltemperatureintheCKtreatmentwithastablenitratecontentduringthewholegrowingseason.

简介：Aridsoilswherewaterandnutrientsarescarceoccupyover30%oftheEarth’stotalsurface.However,themicrobialautotrophyintheharshenvironmentsremainslargelyunexplored.Inthisstudy,theabundanceanddiversityofautotrophicbacteriawereinvestigated,byquantifyingandprofilingthelargesubunitgenesofribulose-1,5-bisphosphatecarboxylase/oxygenase(RuBisCO)formI(cbbL)responsibleforCO2fixation,inthearidsoilsunderthreetypicalplanttypes(Haloxylonammodendron,Cleistogeneschinensis,andReaumuriasoongorica)inNorthwestChina.Thebacterialcommunitiesinthesoilswerealsocharacterizedusingthe16SrRNAgene.Abundanceofred-likeautotrophicbacteriarangedfrom3.94×105to1.51×106copiesg-1drysoilandthoseofgreen-likeautotrophicbacteriarangedfrom1.15×106to2.08×106copiesg-1drysoil.Abundanceofbothred-andgreen-likeautotrophicbacteriadidnotsignificantlydifferamongthesoilsunderdifferentplanttypes.TheautotrophicbacteriaidentifiedwiththecbbLgeneprimerweremainlyaffiliatedwithAlphaproteobacteria,Betaproteobacteriaandanunculturedbacterialgroup,whichwerenotdetectedinthe16SrRNAlibrary.Inaddition,25.9%and8.1%ofthe16SrRNAgeneswereaffiliatedwithCyanobacteriainthesoilsunderH.ammodendronandR.soongorica,respectively.However,noCyanobacteria-affiliatedcbbLgenesweredetectedinthesamesoils.TheresultssuggestedthatmicrobialautotrophicCO2fixationmightbesignificantinthecarboncyclingofaridsoils,whichwarrantsfurtherexploration.