简介:TcellhomeostasiscommonlyreferstothemaintenanceofrelativelystableTcellnumbersintheperipherallymphoidorgans.AmongthelargenumbersofTcellsintheperiphery,Tcellsexhibitstructuraldiversity,I.e.,theexpressionofadiverserepertoireofTcellreceptors(TCRs),andfunctionaldiversity,I.e.,thepresenceofTcellsatna(I)ve,effector,andmemorydevelopmentalstages.AlthoughthehomeostasisofTcellnumbershasbeenextensivelystudied,investigationofthemechanismsunderlyingthemaintenanceofstructuralandfunctionaldiversityofTcellsisstillatanearlystage.ThefundamentalfeaturethroughoutTcelldevelopmentistheinteractionbetweentheTCRandeitherselforforeignpeptidesinassociationwithMHCmolecules.Inthisreview,wepresentevidenceshowingthathomeostasisofTcellnumberanddiversityismediatedthroughcompetitionforlimitingresources.ThenumberofTcellsismaintainedthroughcompetitionforlimitingcytokines,whereasthediversityofTcellsismaintainedbycompetitionforself-peptide-MHCcomplexes.Inotherwords,diversityoftheself-peptiderepertoirelimitsthestructural(TCR)diversityofaTcellpopulation.Wespeculatethatcognatelowaffinityself-peptides,actingasweakagonistsandantagonists,regulatethehomeostasisofTcelldiversitywhereasnon-cognateornullpeptideswhichareextremelyabundantforanygivenTCR,maycontributetothehomeostasisofTcellnumberbyprovidingsurvivalsignals.Moreover,self-peptidesandcytokinesmayformspecializednichesfortheregulationofTcellhomeostasis.
简介:T房间受体(TCR)的结扎独自是不够的导致T淋巴细胞的完整的激活。介绍房间(APC)和T房间的抗原上的另外的ligand受体相互作用(costimulation)被要求。T房间costimulation被显示了为得到有效T房间回答必要,包含在T房间开发期间的所有阶段。然而,costimulation由影响T房间的功能的机制仍然需要被阐明。在最近的年里,在癌症,传染疾病以及自体免疫的疾病作为潜在的治疗在costimulation的研究被献殷勤。在这评论,我们讨论了调整T房间增长,房间周期前进,cytokine生产,幸存,和存储器开发的细胞内部的costimulation信号。一般来说,phosphoinositide-3kinase(PI3K)的小径/proteinkinaseB(PKB,也作为Akt知道)/nuclear因素B(NF-B)可能对许多costimulatory效果中央。通过这些小径,costimulation由survivin和曙光B表示的维护控制T房间扩大和增长,并且由调整bcl-2家庭成员的表达式支撑长期的T房间幸存和存储器开发。
简介:摘要目的探讨MRI常规序列T2WI、T2WIFS、DWI及增强T1WIFS在肛瘘诊断中的价值对比。方法64例经手术病理证实为肛瘘的患者,比较分析横断位T2WI、T2WIFS、DWI及增强T1WIFS序列上肛瘘的显示价值。结果对于主瘘管的检出,四个序列手术病理符合率分别为T2WI89.06%、T2WIFS84.38%、DWI68.75%以及增强T1WIFS95.31%。结论肛瘘常规的四种MRI序列,增强T1WIFS序列诊断价值最大,DWI序列诊断价值最低。T2WI序列具有高的诊断价值,特别是对于主瘘管的显示,但对于炎性水肿的显示,还需要借助T2WIFS或增强T1WIFS序列。
简介:ImmunizationwithinactivatedautoreactiveTcells(Tcellvaccination)selectedfromindividual'sownTcellrepertoireprovidesauniqueinvivosettingfortestingimmuneregulationthatisknowntoinvolveinteractionsofavarietyofrelatedsurfacemolecules(1).ItinducesregulatoryimmuneresponsesthatcloselyresembletheinvivosituationwheretheimmunesystemischallengedbyclonalactivationandexpansionofgivenTcellpopulationsinvariousautoimmunediseases.TcellvaccinationprovidesapowerfulmeansofelicitingnaturalreactionsoftheimmunesysteminresponsetoclonalexpansionofTcells,whichcanusedasatherapeuticapproachtosuppressoreliminatespecificpathogenicautoreactiveTcellsinautoimmuneconditions.ClinicaltrialsusingTcellvaccinationtodepleteautoreactiveTcellsinhumanautoimmuneconditionshavebeguntorevealthepathologicrelevanceofvariousautoimmuneTcellpopulationsinthediseaseprocesses,providingauniqueopportunitytotesttheautoimmunetheoriesinaclinicalsetting.Cellular&MolecularImmunology.2004;1(5):321-327.
简介:T房间激活是在仅仅通过这个过程后来开始适应有免疫力的反应的一个批评过程特定的T房间区分进调停的武装受动器T房间的na(i)ve抗原实际有免疫力的response.DuringT房间激活,na(i)veT房间经历同种细胞的扩大并且获得能力杀死感染病原体的目标房间或生产为调整有免疫力的反应必要的cytokines。T房间的不恰当的激活或inactivation导致autoimmunity或严重免疫不全。PKC-有选择地在T房间被表示并且为调停要求了T房间激活过程。在PKC-缺乏的老鼠在T房间激活,幸存和activation-inducedcell死亡展出缺点。PKC-有选择地translocates到免疫学的触处并且调停为为T房间activation.Furthermore是必要的NF-B,AP1和NFAT的激活要求的信号,PKC--/-鼠标在vivo在T调停房间的有免疫力的回答的开发显示了多重缺点。PKC-因此是在vivo在T调停房间的有免疫力的回答在多重阶段调整T房间功能的一个批评分子。细胞与分子的免疫学。2006;3(4):263-270。
简介:干癣是hyperproliferativekeratinocytes和T房间,树枝状的房间,巨噬细胞和neutrophils的渗入描绘的最普通的调停免疫者的长期的、煽动性的皮肤病之一。尽管干癣的致病充分没被理解,有宽大的证据,建议在皮肤的有免疫力的房间的dysregulation,特别地T房间,在干癣开发起一个关键作用。在这评论,我们主要集中于病原的T房间并且讨论这些T房间怎么被激活并且在疾病致病包含了。最新识别的‘;professional’;IL-17-producing真皮的γ;δ;在干癣的T房间和他们的潜在的角色将也被包括。最后,我们将简短为干癣处理在T房间和它的相关指向cytokine的治疗上总结最近的进步。
简介:Traditionally,thematerialswhichareregardedasantigensrecognizedbyγδTlymphocytesareproteinandcarbohydrate,notnucleicacidorlipid.Recently,ithasbeendemonstratedthatγδTcellscanrecognizelipidAanddirectlyinduceimmuneresponsesthatinvolveCD1(clusterofdifferentiationtype1)familyandTolllikereceptors(TLRs).Thisisareviewabouttheinteracting-mechanism,immunologicaleffectandclinicalapplicationofthem.Cellular&MolecularImmunology.