简介:ItwouldnotbeanexaggerationtosaythatthecentraleventinthepoliticalhistoryofEuropeinthetwentiethcenturywastheunmakingofgreatempiresandthemakingofsuccessornationalstates.FromtheHohenzollernGermanEmpiretotheformerYugoslavia,almostallgreatmultinationalstatesofthecontinentroseandeventuallyfellintheaftermathoftheGreatWar,theSecondWorldWar,andtheColdWar.Amongallspectacularimperialcollapsesandsometimeseventheirrebuildingandre-collapse,theonce-for-allfalloftheHabsburgEmpirein1918,arelativelylightweightamongstrongEuropeanstates,appearnotespeciallysignificant.Butashistorianshaverecentlybegantorecognize,thepoliticalcultureoftheHabsburgEmpireinitslastyearsandthesuccessorstateshadexercisedadisproportionallylargeinfluenceonthemakingofmodernEuropeandtheworld.Amongtheimportantquestionsdiscussedinrecentliteraturearetheterritorialdisputesofnewnationstates,1thecultivationofscienceanddomesticlife,2politicsandideologyofliberalism,3andthemakingofmultinationalempire.4
简介:εποπουα是《论诗术》中讨论的一个重要艺类,而《论诗术》中对这一艺类的表述却多有变化,理论展开颇有玄奥。《论诗术》1447a29—b2是《论诗术》解释史上的一个疑难语句,绝大多数注疏者均视此句中的εποπουα一词为衍,加以删除。本文从《论诗术》本身论述结构上的严格对应关系,认为εποπουα必不为衍;并根据《论诗术》特定解释传统的启发,揭示其中的隐微手法。释解1447a28—b2句意之疑难,廓清《论诗术》中εποπουα之名与义。名实相符,而后名正言顺,显豁出εποπουα在《论诗术》中严格的、深层次的理论意涵。以表明其为亚里士多德对我们今天称之为“叙事文学”这个大类进行探究的理论意旨,εποπουα可以囊括“小说”这样的艺类,并且在某些重要方面恰恰会显示出作为叙事文学成熟形态的小说的诸种特征。