简介：Anewschemethatseparatesconvective-stratiformrainfallisdevelopedusingthresholdvaluesofliquidwaterpath(LWP)andicewaterpath(IWP).ThesecloudcontentscanbepredictedwithradiancesattheAdvancedMicrowaveSoundingUnit(AMSU)channels(23.8,31.4,89,and150GHz)throughlinearregressionmodels.Theschemeisdemonstratedbyananalysisofatwo-dimensionalcloudresolvingmodelsimulationthatisimposedbyaforcingderivedfromtheTropicalOceanGlobalAtmosphereCoupledOcean-AtmosphereResponseExperiment(TOGACOARE).TherainfallisconsideredconvectiveifassociatedLWPislargerthan1.91mmorIWPislargerthan1.70mm.Otherwise,therainfallisstratiform.Theanalysisofsurfacerainfallbudgetdemonstratesthatthisnewschemeisphysicallymeaningful.

简介：LaoyalingstratiformcopperdcpositislocatcdlokmeastofTonglingcity,AnhuiProvlncc.ItisatypicalstratiformdcpositinthclowcrandmiddlearcaofYangtzorivcr,farfromplutonicrocksandhostedinPcrmiansilicalites.Thcorcbodicsoccuraslaycr,likelayerandlcnsc,whichhavethesameoccurrcnceasstrataandbotliofthemwcrefoldcd.Ore

简介：Thermalconvectiveprecipitation(TCP)oftenoccursovermainlandChinainsummerwhentheareaisdominatedbythewesternPacificsubtropicalhigh(WPSH).ItiswellknownthattheWPSHoftenbringsaboutlargescalesubsidence,thenwhycoulddeepmoistconvectionoccurandwheredoesthewatervaporcomefrom?Inthispaper,adeepconvectiveprecipitationcasethathappenedon2August2003isstudiedinordertoaddressthesetwoquestions.First,thecharacteristicsoftheTCPeventareanalyzedusingtheTropicalRainfallMeasuringMission(TRMM)satellitedata,automaticweatherstationobservations,andthedatafromtheUSNationalCentersforEnvironmentalPrediction(NCEP).Second,watervaporsourcesareidentifiedthroughexaminingsurfaceevaporation,watervaporadvection,andwatervaporfluxdivergencecalculatedbyusingaregionallyaveragedwatervaporbudgetequation.Furthermore,usinganAdvancedRegionalEta-coordinateModel(AREM),contributionsofsensibleandlatentheatfluxestotheTCParecomparedthroughfoursensitivityexperiments.TheresultsshowthatintheregionscontrolledbytheWPSH,surfacetemperaturerisesrapidlyaftersunrise.Uponreceivingenoughsensibleheat,theairgoesupandleadstoconvergenceintheloweratmosphere.Thenthewatervaporassembledfromthesurroundingsandthegroundsurfaceistransportedtotheupperlevels,andafavorableenvironmentfortheTCPforms.Amodeldatadiagnosisindicatesthatabouthalfofprecipitablewatercomesfromtheconvergenceofhorizontalfluxesofwatervapor,andtheotherhalffromsurfaceevaporation,whilelittleisfromadvection.AdditionalsensitivityexperimentsprovethatbothsensibleandlatentheatingareessentialfortheonsetoftheTCP.Thesensibleheatfluxtriggersthermodynamicascendingmotion,andthelatentheatfluxprovideswatervapor,butthecontributiontoTCPfromthelatterisalittlesmallerthanthatfromtheformer.

简介：Gao,ShoutingandLi,Xiaofan,2008,206pp.,US＄149,hardbound,Springer,ISBN978-1-4020-8275-7Recentdecadeshavewitnessedtherapiddevelopmentofcloud-systemresolvingmodels(CRM),whicharenowcapableofsimulatingcloudsystemsandaccompanyinginteractionsonscalesuptoglobal,albeitinthelatterapplicationsmall-

简介：基于卫星检索方法论，光谱特征和云微物理性质被分析那包括了隧道的亮度温度第4a5，并且他们的亮度温度差别(BTD)，播种的云轨道的有效半径由播种的运作的云和云播种的微物理效果引起了的粒子被他们的差别的比较揭示在内并且在播种轨道外面。云轨道实际上是到达深的1.5-km和14-km的一条云隧道为超过80min的宽持续。周围的云的有效半径是10-15μm，当那从15～26μm在云轨道以内时。周围的云在播种轨道以内由云的supercooled微滴，和作文组成是冰。关于在轨道附近的二个周围的方面的相当稳定的反射，可见光谱在云轨道的反射在least10%变化了，并且到达了35%的最大值，在播种轨道的3.7μm的反射相对减少了至少10%。当云播种进展了，宽度和深度逐渐地被增加。同时，在轨道以内的云顶温度关于周围的云变得日益增多地更温暖，并且最高温度差别为隧道在首先播种的位置到达了4.2和3.9℃4和5。另外，在轨道的BTD也稳定地增加了到1.4℃的最大值，与周围的云的0.2-0.4℃相比。播种的云变得的证据更薄来自显示出一条隧道的可见图象，温暖在播种轨道的BTD的云顶，和增加。因为云顶在整个它的深度下了，它输了水到降水，播种的云主要变得更薄。为播种大小写的这云，冻结成冰在云顶变得明显在播种以后的大约22min。在supercooled层状云的一个云磁道的形成主要是因为进猛抛的冰水疗院流星并且那么的播种的云卷glaciated降低了云顶高度。在播种以后在在38和63min之间的播种轨道的中间形成的新水云的一根细线，可能，由于升起，运动由结冰的释放的潜伏的热导致了。这些云消失在播种轨道的更早的片断，它建议这些eding轨道的成熟与它从方面由于周围的云的顶的扩大变窄和最终的驱散被联系里面。

简介：Acoupledmaplatticeswithconvectivenonlinearityor,forshort,ConvectiveCoupledMap(CCM)isproposedinthispapertosimulatespatiotemporalchaosinfluidflows.ItisfoundthattheparameterregionofspatiotemporalchaoscanbedeterminedbythemaximalLiapunovexponentofitscomplexitytimeseries.Thissimplemodelimpliesasimilarphysicalmechanismforturbulencesuchthattheroutetospatiotemporalchaosinfluidflowscanbeenvisaged.

简介：ThispaperstudiesRayleigh-B'enardconvectionofmicropolarfluidlayerheatedfrombelowwithrealisticboundaryconditions.AspecificapproachforstabilityanalysisofaconvectiveproblembasedonvariationalprincipleisappliedtocharacterizetheRayleighnumberforquitegeneralnatureofboundingsurfaces.TheanalysisconsistsofreplacingthesetoffieldequationsbyavariationalprincipleandtheexpressionsforRayleighnumberarethenobtainedbyusingtrialfunctionsatisfyingtheessential...

简介：AnanalysisispresentedwithmagnetohydrodynamicsnaturalconvectiveflowofaviscousNewtonianfluidsaturatedporousmediuminaverticalslot.TheflowintheporousmediahasbeenmodeledusingtheBrinkmanmodel.Thefully-developedtwo-dimensionalflowfromcappedtoopenendsisconsideredforwhichacontinuumofsolutionsisobtained.Theinfluenceofpertinentparametersontheflowisdelineatedandappropriateconclusionsaredrawn.Theasymptoticbehaviourandthevolumefluxareanalyzedandincorporatedgraphicallyforthethree-parameterfamilyofsolution.

简介：在理想化的热带气旋(TC)的对流结构与变化联系在期间的物理过程乍见陆地用大气的研究Mesoscale模型，的第五产生的宾夕法尼亚州的大学公民中心在一架贝它飞机上被学习版本3(MM5)。模拟结果建议潮湿供应和增加的磨擦的抑制行动了在不同时期期间从左和TC的前面象限提高传送对流到TC的前面和权利乍见陆地。当表面潮湿流动被关掉时，在象限的另外的部分的传送对流清楚地被压制，全部的降雨被减少。当表面磨擦被增加时，降水在乍见陆地做的TC以后显示出显著增加。在低、中间的层次的更湿的空气，和在在海岸线的向陆的方面附近的高水平的更干燥的空气导致了对流可得到的势能(披肩)的高价值。因而，当表面潮湿流动被割掉时，传送对流这个区域下游地立即被提高。当表面磨擦被增加时，物理过程是类似的在以前乍见陆地。在以后乍见陆地，在陆地的向陆的方面的增加的集中在TC前面导致了提高的传送对流。与以前的调查结果一致，我们的结果建议那在期间乍见陆地，从到不对称现象的热力学的对称之一的TC结构变化由于在陆地和海之间的微分潮湿流动出现。热力学的结构的不对称现象，能被披肩的分发解释，引起不对称的降雨结构。关键词热带气旋-乍见陆地-对流不对称现象

简介：Datacollectedusingthemicrorainradar(MRR)situatedinJinancity,easternChina,wereusedtoexplorethealtitudinalandtemporalevolutionofrainfallmicrophysicalcharacteristics,andtoanalyzethebrightband(BB)characteristicsandhydrometeorclassification.Specifically,alow-intensityandstablestratiformprecipitationeventthatoccurredfrom0000to0550UTC15February2015andfeaturedaBBwasstudied.Duringthisevent,therainfallintensitywaslessthan2mmh-1ataheightof300m,whichwasabovetheradarsitelevel,sotheerrorscausedbytheverticalairmotioncouldbeignored.ThefreezingheightfromtheradiosondematchedwellwiththetopoftheBBobservedbytheMRR.Itwasalsofoundthatthenumberof0.5–1mmdiameterdropsshowednonoticeablevariationbelowtheBB.Themaximumfallvelocityandthemaximumgradientfallvelocity(GFV)oftheraindropsappearedatthebottomoftheBB.Meanwhile,amethodthatusestheGFVandreflectivitytoidentifythealtitudeandthethicknessoftheBBwasestablished,withwhichtheMRRcanprovideareliableandreal-timeestimationofthe0?Cisotherm.ThedropletfallvelocitywasusedtoclassifythetypesofsnowcrystalsabovetheBB.Inthefirst20minoftheselectedprecipitationevent,graupelprevailedabovetheBB;andatanaltitudeof2000m,graupelalsodominatedinthefirst250min.After150min,theexistenceofgraupelanddendriticcrystalswithwaterdropletsabovetheBBwasinferred.

简介：

简介：mesoscale的进化在21222008年6月期间在Dabie山的北区域引起了强壮的降水的对流系统(MCS)被分析，与联系中央的进化一起--放大对流旋涡(MCV)。本地分析和预言系统(臀部)在水平分辨率和1-h时间分辨率在华南重降雨期间试验的3-km(SCHeREX)产生的mesoscale分析数据被利用。结果证明二个过程在对流不稳定性的改进起了关键作用。首先，低级喷气加强了并且变的mesoscale东方，导致温暖湿的气流的集中并且在中间和底层增加对流不稳定性。第二，温暖湿的气流从北方与冷气流交往了，引起在陡峭地泼出潮湿的isentropic表面的附近的增加的垂直涡度。这二个过程的联合行动引起了MCS变日益增多地东方。与MCS联系的冷凝作用释放了潜伏的热并且形成了在中间的对流层加热的大diabatic的层，增加在这层下面的潜在的涡度。潜在的涡度的这增加为低级旋涡发行量的发展创造了有利条件。进一步与这个低级旋涡联系的垂直运动支持了传送对流的发展，创造在深传送对流和低级旋涡发行量之间的积极反馈。这反馈机制不仅支持了MCS的成熟，而且在MCV的进化起了主要作用。由于伴随了旋涡的中心和传送对流的中心一起来的积极反馈的改进形成并且发展的MCV。积极反馈达到顶点，当这二个中心收敛了时，MCV成熟。积极反馈变弱，MCV开始了到二个中心分开了并且分叉的腐烂。

简介：Bymeansofadoublemirrorinterferometryatwo-dimensionaltemperaturedistributionmeasurementinconvectivethermalboundarylayersispresented.Whenthecoldairflowsalongahotplatemodel,theinterferometricfringeinsidetheboundarylayerwillbend.Accordingtothedisplacementofthefringeandtherelationbetweentemperatureandindexofrefraction,atwo-dimensionaltemperatureprofileisobtained.Allisaccomplishedbyopticaldevicewiththehelpofmicro-computerwithoutanycontactwiththeflowfield.

简介：Thetriangulationofredspriteswasobtained,basedonconcurrentobservationsoveramesoscaleconvectivesystem(MCS)inNorthChinafromtwostationsseparatedbyabout450km.Inaddition,broadbandsfericsfromthesprite-producinglightningweremeasuredatfivegroundstations,makingitpossibletolocateandidentifytheindividualcausativelightningdischargesfordifferentelementsinthisdancingspriteevent.TheresultsofouranalysesindicatethatthespriteswereproducedabovethetrailingstratiformregionoftheMCS,andtheirparentstrokeswerelocatedmainlyintheperipheralareaofthestratiform.Thelateraloffsetbetweenspritesandcausativestrokesrangesfromafewkmtomorethan50km.Inaparticularlybrightsprite,withadistincthalofeatureandstreamersdescendingdowntoanaltitudeofapproximately48km,thespritecurrentsignalidentifiedintheelectricsferic,measuredatarangeofabout1,110km,peakedatapproximately1msafterthereturnstroke.

简介：BystatisticalresearchontheoccurrencepatternofsevereconvectiveweatherinJiangsuprovinceundertheinfluenceoftropicalcycloneswithina10-yearperiod(from2001to2010),thispaperdiscoversthatamongdifferentsevereconvectiveweather,theoccurrencefrequencyofshort-rangeheavyprecipitationisthehighest,thunderstormsandgalescomeinsecond,andgeneralthunderstormsrarelyhappen,whilehailstormsandtornadoesneveroccur.Thestatisticalresultsalsoshowedthatwithintheresearchperiodthereare21tropicalcyclones(TCs)affectingtheJiangsuareaandmostofthemareinthestageofweakeningtotropicaldepressions.Moreover,throughstudyingindicesforrelevantcasesofsevereconvection,itisdiscoveredthattheirthresholdsarelowerthanthatofpreviousresearch,whichindicatedthatconvectiveinstabilityandenergyaccumulationcaneasilyleadtosevereconvectiveweathereventuallyduetotheinfluenceofTCs.

简介：许多观察研究证明了那变丑象垂直涡度和分叉一样，是仔细与强壮的降水的出现和分发有关。在这份报纸，在降水诊断包含变丑，称为潜在的变丑(PD)的一个新参数被导出然后在模仿的mesoscale以内适用于降水察觉对流系统(MCS)。PD包括拉长变丑和砍的变丑的两个并且当它不随着旋转坐标变化，到这个程度与变丑分享类似的特征，这被显示出。模仿的MCS的诊断表明PD表现很好在跟踪MCS降水。以他们的分布模式，PD的大值的区域类似于在MCS的不同发展阶段的降水。在PD以内包含的物理过程的详细分析证明它能反映三维的潮湿变化，垂直的风砍并且在MCS以内弯屈变丑。这些结构通常是在猛抛以内的表面寒冷水池，后面的流入喷气，向下冷的空气流动和向上温暖的潮湿的流动的特征的全面思考对流房间。为这个原因，PD比非猛抛的空气在猛抛的空气显示出强壮得多的异例，它在在MCS以内检测重降水为它的申请暗示可观的潜力。

简介：Basedontheresearchoftheconvectiveboundarylayer(CBL)temperaturefieldinaconvectivetank,thispaperstudiesthecharacteristicsoftheCBLvelocityfieldintheconvectivetank.Aluminiumpowder(400orders)isusedasatracerparticleintheapplicationoftheparticleimagevelocimetry(PIV)technique.Theexperimentdemonstrates:thevelocitydistributioninthemixedlayerclearlypossessesthecharacteristicsofCBLthermals;thevelocitydistributioninthetopzoneofthemixedlayershowsentrainmentlayercharacteristics;theverticaldistributionofturbulentcharacteristicvariablesisreasonable,whichissimilartofieldobservationsandothertankresults;theerroranalysisdemonstratesthevalidityofaluminiumpowder,whichimpliesthereliabilityoftheresults.

简介：Aheavyrainfallprocess,whichoccurredinShanghaiduring5-6August,2001fromalandfallingtropicaldepression(TD),isexaminedwithacontrolnumericalexperimentbasedonMM5model.Itisfoundthatthecontoursofgeneralizedequivalentpotentialtemperature(θ*)arealmostverticalwithrespecttohorizontalsurfacesneartheTDcenterandmoredenselydistributedthanthoseofequivalentpotentialtemperature(θe).Becausetheatmosphereisnon-uniformlysaturatedinreality,θ*takestheplaceofθeinthedefinitionofconvectivevorticityvector(CVV)sothatanewvector,namelythegeneralizedconvectivevorticityvector(CVV*),isappliedinthisstudy.SinceCVV*canreflectboththesecondarycirculationandthevariationofhorizontalmoistbaroclinicity,theverticalintegrationofverticalcomponentofCVV*isfound,inthisstudy,torepresenttherainfallareasintheTDcasebetterthanpotentialvorticity(PV),moistpotentialvorticity(MPV),generalizedmoistpotentialvorticity(Pm),andCVV,withhigh-valueareaofCVV*correspondingtoheavy-rainfallarea.Moreover,theanalysisfromCVV*impliesthattheHangzhouBaymightplayanimportantroleintheheavyrainprocess.AsensitivityexperimentwithouttheHangzhouBayisthendesignedandcomparedwiththecontrolrun.ItisfoundthattheCVV*becomesweakerthanthatinthecontrolrun,implyingthattheeliminationofHangzhouBayresultsinreducedrainfall.FurtheranalysesshowthattheHangzhouBayprovidessufficientwatervaporandsurfaceheatfluxtotheTDsystem,whichisveryimportanttothegenesisanddevelopmentofmesoscalecloudclustersaroundtheTDandtheassociatedheavyrainfall.

简介：ByusingtheBetts-Miller-Janji’c,Grell-Devenyi,andKain-FritschcumulusconvectiveparameterizationschemesintheWeatherResearchandForecasting(WRF)model,longtimesimulationsfrom2000to2009areconductedtoinvestigatetheimpactsofdifferentcumulusconvectiveparameterizationschemesonsummermonsoonprecipitationsimulationoverChina.Theresultsshowthatalltheschemeshavethecapabilitytoreasonablyreproducethespatialandtemporaldistributionsofsummermonsoonprecipitationandthecorrespondingbackgroundcirculation.Theobservednorth-southshiftofmonsoonrainbeltisalsowellsimulatedbythethreeschemes.DetailedcomparisonindicatesthattheGrell-Devenyischemegivesabetterperformancethantheothers.Deficiencyinsimulatedwatervaportransportisonepossiblereasonfortheprecipitationsimulationbias.

简介：从在诺思中国上的2010-14的严重天气报告和合成雷达反射率数据被用来分析严重的对流的风(SCW)的分发事件和他们雷达反射率的组织上的模式。为SCW事件的六个组织上的模式(并且他们的比例)簇房间(35.4%)，嚎啕线(18.4%)，非线性形状的系统(17.8%)，破线(11.6%)，单个房间(1.2%)，和弓回应(0.5%)。为嚎啕线和破线的山峰月是6月，而它是为另外的四个模式的7月。SCW事件的最高的数字在山上，它通常与簇房间的瓦解的系统被联系。相反，与线性系统联系的SCW主要在平原上发生了，在车站每年记录了不到一个SCW事件的一般水准的地方。有与非线性形状的系统联系的SCW的高频率的区域也经历了与嚎啕线联系的许多SCW事件。对流可得到的势能的价值，能使沉淀的水，0-3-km砍，并且0-6-km砍，比在山上在平原上是可论证地更大的，它在SCW事件的组织上的模式上有明显的效果。因此，地形学可以是在为在诺思中国上的SCW事件的组织上的模式的一个重要因素。