简介：Objective:Toinvestigatetheeffectofmoderatehypothermiaonresponsesofaxonalcytoskeletontoaxonalinjuryintheacutestageofinjury.Methods:Offifteenadultguineapigs,twelveanimalsweresubjectedtostretchinjurytotherightopticnervesanddividedintothenormothermicgroup(n=6)inwhichtheanimal'scoretemperaturewasmaintainedat36.0-37.5℃andthehypothermiagroup(n=6)inwhichthecoretemperaturewasreducedto32.0-32.5℃afterstretchinjury.Remainingthreeanimalssustainednoinjurytotherightopticnervesandservedascontrolgroup.Halfofinjuredanimals(n=3)ofeithernormothermicgrouporhypothermicgroupwerekilledateither2hoursor4hoursafterinjury.Theultrastructuralchangesofaxonalcytoskeletonoftherightopticnervefibersfromtheanimalswereexaminedunderatransmissionelectronmicroscopeandanalyzedbyquantitativeanalysiswithacomputerimageanalysissystem.Results:At2hoursafterstretchinjury,therewasasignificantreductioninthemeannumberofmicrotubules(P<0.001),andasignificantincreaseinthemeanintermicrotubulespacing(P<0.05orP<0.01)inaxonsofallsizesinnormothermicanimals.Themeannumberofneurofilamentsalsodecreasedstatistically(P<0.01)inlargeandmediumsubgroupsofaxonsinthesameexperimentalgroupat2hours.By4hours,thelargesubgroupofaxonsinnormothermicanimalsstilldemonstratedasignificantdeclineinthemeannumberofmicrotubules(P<0.01)andanincreaseinthemeanintermicrotubulespacing(P<0.05),whilethemediumandsmallsubgroupsofaxonsdisplayedasignificantincreaseinthemeannumberofneurofilaments(P<0.05)andreductioninthemeaninterneurofilamentspacing(P<0.05).Onthecontrary,eitherthemeannumberofmicrotubulesandthemeanintermicrotubulespacing,orthemeannumberofneurofilamentsandinterneurofilamentspacinginaxonsofallsizesinhypothermicstretch-injuredanimalswasnotsignificantdifferentfromthemeanvaluesofsham-operated

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简介：Diffuseaxonalinjury(DAI)isaxonalandsmallvesselinjuryproducedbyasuddenaccelerationoftheheadbyanexternalforce,andisamajorcauseofdeathandseveredisability(Paterakisetal.,2000).Prognosisispoorerinpatientswithapparenthemorrhagethaninthosewithout(Paterakisetal.,2000).Therefore,itisimportanttoidentifythepresenceandprecisepositionofhemorrhagicfociforamoreaccuratediagnosis.CTandmagneticresonanceimaging(MRI)havelongbeenappliedinthediagnosis

简介：Strokeisaleadingcauseofdeathanddisabilityinadultsworldwide.Fordecades,theprimaryapproachandgoaloftherapyforstrokehasfocusedonneuroprotection,namelytreatingtheinjuredtissue,withinterventionsdesignedtoreducethevolumeofcerebralinfarction.Enormouseffortinthelaboratoryhasbeendevotedtothedevelopmentof

简介：Inthispaper,conditionsfortheexistenceofequilibriumpointsandglobalstabilityareemphaticallydiscussedforBidirectionalAssociativeMemory(BAM)modelswithaxonalsignaltransmissiondelays,andthediscussedmethodsaremoregeneral.Thecorrectnessofobtainedconclusionsisverifiedbyuseofsomeexamples.TheobtainedresultshaveprimarysignificanceinthedesignandapplicationofBAM.

简介：Thedistributionofsensorysymptomsincarpaltunnelsyndromeisstronglydependentonthedegreeofelectrophysiologicaldysfunctionofthemediannerve.Theassociationbetweencarpaltunnelsyndromeandulnarnerveentrapmentisstillunclear.Inthisstudy,wemeasuredulnarnervefunctionin82patientswithcarpaltunnelsyndrome.ThepatientsweredividedintogroupIwithminimalcarpaltunnelsyndrome(n=35)andgroupIIwithmildtomoderatecarpaltunnelsyndrome(n=47)accordingtoelectrophysiologicaldata.Sixty-oneage-andsex-matchedsubjectswithoutcarpaltunnelsyndromewereusedasacontrolgroup.Therewerenosignificantdifferencesinulnarsensorynervepeaklatenciesorconductionvelocitiesfromthe4thand5thfingersbetweenpatientswithcarpaltunnelsyndromeandthecontrolgroup.Theulnarsensorynerveactionpotentialamplitudesfromthe4thand5thfingerswerelowerinpatientswithcarpaltunnelsyndromethaninthecontrolgroup.Theratiosoftheulnarsensorynerveactionpotentialamplitudesfromthe4thand5thfingerswerealmostthesameinpatientswithcarpaltunnelsyndromeasinthecontrolgroup.Thesefindingsindicatethatinpatientswithminimaltomoderatecarpaltunnelsyndrome,thereissomeelectrophysiologicalevidenceoftractionontheadjacentulnarnervefibers.Thefindingsdonotindicateaxonaldegenerationoftheulnarnerve.

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简介：Familialdysautonomia(FD)isararechildrenneurodegenerativediseasecausedduetoapointmutationintheIKBKAPgenethatresultsindecreasedIKKcomplex-associatedprotein(IKAP)proteinproduction.Thediseaseaffectsmostlythedorsalrootganglion(DRG)andthesympatheticganglion.Recently,wefoundthatthemolecularmechanismsunderlyingneurodegenerationinFDpatientsaredefectsinaxonaltransportofnervegrowthfactorsandmicrotubulestabilityintheDRG.Neuronsarehighlypolarizedcellswithverylongaxons.Inordertosurviveandmaintainproperfunction,neuronsdependontransportofproteinsandothercellularcomponentsfromtheneuronalbodyalongtheaxons.WefurtherdemonstratedthatIKAPisnecessaryforaxonmaintenanceandshowedthatphosphatidylserineactsasanHDAC6inhibitortorescueneuronalfunctioninFDcells.Inthisreview,wewillhighlightourlatestresearchfindings.

简介：TheRho/Rho-associatedcoiled-coilcontainingproteinkinase(Rho/ROCK)pathwayisamajorsignalingpathwayinthecentralnervoussystem,transducinginhibitorysignalstoblockregeneration.Aftercentralnervoussystemdamage,themaincauseofimpairedregenerationisthepresenceoffactorsthatstronglyinhibitregenerationinthesurroundingmicroenvironment.ThesefactorssignalthroughtheRho/ROCKsignalingpathwaytoinhibitregeneration.Therefore,athoroughunderstandingoftheRho/ROCKsignalingpathwayiscrucialforadvancingstudiesonregenerationandrepairoftheinjuredcentralnervoussystem.

简介：Objective:Toobservetheeffectsofcryopreservedolfactoryensheathingcells(OECs)transplantationonaxonalregenerationandfunctionalrecoveryfollowingspinalcordinjuryinadultrats.Methods:Twenty-fourratsweredividedintoexperimentalandcontrolgroups,eachgrouphaving12rats.ThespinalcordinjurywasestablishedbytransectingthespinalcordatT10levelwithmicrosurgeryscissors.OECswerepurifiedfromSDratolfactorybulbandculturedinDMEM(Dulbecco'sminimumessentialmedium)andcryopreserved(-120℃)fortwoweeks.OECssuspension[(1-1.4)×105/ul]wastransplantedintotransectedspinalcord,whiletheDMEMsolutionwasinjectedinsteadinthecontrolgroup.At6and12weeksaftertransplantation,theratswereevaluatedwithclimbingtestandMEP(moterevokedpotentials)monitoring.Thesamplesofspinalcordwereprocuredandstudiedwithhistologicalandimmunohistochemicalstainings.Results:At6weeksaftertransplantation,alloftheratsinbothtransplantedandcontrolgroupswereparaplegic,andMEPscouldnotberecorded.MorphologyoftransplantedOECswasnormal,andOECswereinterfusedwithhostwell.Axonscouldregrowintogaptissuebetweenthespinalcords.BothOECsandregrownaxonswereimmunoreactiveforMBP.Noregrownaxonswerefoundinthecontrolgroup.At12weeksaftertransplantation,2rats(2/7)hadlowerextremitiesmusclecontraction,2rats(2/7)hadhipand/orkneeactivemovement,andMEPof5rats(5/7)couldberecordedinthecalfinthetransplantationgroup.Noneoftherats(7/7)inthecontrolgrouphadfunctionalimprovement,andnonehadMEPsrecorded.Inthetransplantedgroup,histologicalandimmunohistochemicalmethodsshowedthenumberoftransplantedOECsreducedandsomeregrownaxonshadreachedtheendoftransectedspinalcord.However,noregrownaxonscouldbeseenexceptscarformationinthecontrolgroup.Conclusions:CryopreservedOECscouldintegratedwiththehostandpromoteregrowingaxonsacrossthetransectedsp

简介：Objective:Toexplorethecontentchangeofneurofilament(NF)proteinsubunitsintheexperimentalbraindiffuseaxonalinjury(DAI)bylateralheadrotation.Methods:Twenty-fourSpragueDawley(SD)ratswereequallydividedintothreeinjurygroups(2h,12h,and24hpostinjury)andonecontrolgroup.ThemodelsofDAIweremadeintheinjurygroupsbylateralheadrotation.westernblottingtechniquewasusedtomeasuretheconteneofNF68(akindofNFproteinsubunit)inthebrainstemtissuesamongalltheinjuredandcontrolrats.TheNF68immunohistochemicalstainingwasusedinanothersixSDratsinordertoobservethemorphologicalchangesinDAI.Results:TheNF68contentinthebrainstemtendedtodecreaseat2hpostinjury,decreasedsignificantlyat12handcontinueditsdecreaseat24h.NF56andNF52,asthebreakdownproductsofNF68,hadatendencytoincreaseat2-12haftertheinjury,andamountedtoasignificantlyhigherlevelat24h.Microscopically,therewerealotofswellingneuronalaxonsintheventralpartofthemedullaroblongateat2haftertheinjury.someaxonsweredisconnected,andaxonalretractionballsformedontheirproximalend.Conclusions:ThereisandoccurrenceofphosphorolysiswithinthebrainsteminDAIbylateralheadrotation.ThesereactionscausethebreakdownofNF68,whichresultsinthedecreaseofNF68incontent.ItsuggeststhatthebreakdownofneurofilamentproteinsubunitsisanimportantreasonforstructuraldestroyofneurofilamentsinDAI.

简介：BACKGROUND:Previousstudieshaveshownthatp75neurotrophinreceptorplaysanimportantroleinperipheralnerveinjury.However,theroleofp75neurotrophinreceptorintheregenerationofperipheralnervesremainspoorlyunderstood.OBJECTIVE:Tostudytheeffectofp75neurotrophinreceptoronfacialnerveregeneration.DESIGN,TIMEANDSETTING:ArandomizedcontrolledexperimentwasperformedintheRegenerationLaboratoryofFlindersUniversity,AustraliaandtheBiomedicalLaboratoryofDentistrySchool,ShandongUniversityfromMarch2005toFebruary2006.MATERIALS:CholeratoxinBsubunit,fastblue,andbiotinrabbit-antigoatIgGwereprovidedbySigma,USA;goat-anticholeratoxinBsubunitantibodywasprovidedbyListBiologicals,USA.METHODS:Inp75neurotrophinreceptorknockoutandwildtype129/svmice,thefacialnervesononesidewerecrushed.Atdays2and4followinginjury,regeneratingmotorneuronsinthefacialnucleiwerelabeledbyfastblue,andtheregeneratingaxonwaslabeledbytheanterogradetracercholeratoxinBsubunit.MAINOUTCOMEMEASURES:AxonalregenerativevelocityandnumberweredetectedbyimmunohistochemicalstainingofcholeratoxinBsubunit,growth-associatedprotein,proteingeneproduct9.5,andcalcitonin-gene-relatedpeptide;survivalofmotorneuronsinthefacialnucleiwasdetectedbyretrogradefastblue.RESULTS:Axonalgrowthinthefacialnerveofp75neurotrophinreceptorknockoutmicewassignificantlylessthaninwildtypemice.Atday7afterinjury,thenumberofregeneratingmotorneuronsinp75neurotrophinreceptorknockoutmiceremainedsignificantlylessthaninwildtypemice(P<0.05).Thenumberofpositivelystainedfibersforgrowth-associatedprotein-43,proteingeneproduct9.5,andcalcitonin-gene-relatedpeptideinp75neurotrophinreceptorknockoutmicewassignificantlylessthaninwildtypemice(P<0.01).CONCLUSION:p75neurotrophinreceptorpromotedaxonalregenerationandenhancedthesurvivalrateofmotorneuronsfollowingfacialnerveinjury.

简介：ThepresentstudyestablishedachronicexperimentalautoimmuneencephalomyelitismodelinC57BL/6miceinducedbymyelinoligodendrocyteglycoproteinpeptidesandcompleteFreund'sadjuvant.Onsetlatencywas12days,withanincidencerateof100%.Neuropathologicalcharacteristicsincludedperivascularinflammatorycellinfiltration,demyelination,neuronaldegeneration,andaxonaldamagewithincerebralandmyelicwhitematter.Electronmicroscopyrevealedswollenmitochondria,completeorgandisappearance,andfusedorbrokenmyelinsheathstructure,whichwereaccompaniedbymyelinsheathreconstruction.Moreover,axonaldamagewasnotconsistentwithdemyelinationdistribution,andseverityofaxonaldamagedidnotcorrelatewithdemyelination.Resultssuggestedthataxonaldamageinanexperimentalautoimmuneencephalomyelitismodelisnotsecondarytoinflammatorydemyelination.

简介：窗边的紫罗兰看上去不那么有生机了。它病了。她也一样，在她生日当天突然晕倒在宴会现场然后就被查出患有这种奇怪的病。她觉得这一切来得太突然了。

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简介：新生昨晚一夜未眠,刚迷糊着就被一声开门声惊醒了,虽然声音很轻,他还是听见了,母亲又悄悄地起来做早饭了,他也连忙起来和母亲一块儿包饺子。煮好饺子端到了桌上,母子二人坐到饭桌前谁也不动筷子。母亲叫新生吃,新生叫母亲吃,最后两人同时拿起了筷子。

简介：模模糊糊的声音在我耳边想起。嘈杂的，吵闹着．像被层层树叶包裹着传到我耳边．越来越近了，但是我听不见他们的对白。

简介：潮起潮落,花开花谢,在这自然规律中,你明白些什么了吗?涨潮了,那波涛汹涌的大海向大自然展现了它无穷的威力。起伏的波涛的撞击声,让人胆战心惊。海浪接二连三地向前拍打着沙滩,

简介：项目位于开封刘家胡同民俗保护区东侧，三面为规划城市道路，北侧相临空间拟规划建设犹太教展览馆，东侧、南侧为商业、休闲、体验、公共活动空间和居住生活区。

简介：借助尤尼森在零售终端服务上的经验，欧加农希望自己能够在中国的OTC市场上有更大的作为