简介：ObjectiveToinvestigatetheeffectoffamilytherapyonprognosisofpatientswithschizophrenis.Method200patientsafterdischargingfromhospitalwererandomlydividedintotwogroups:controlgroup(n=100)andexperimentgroup(n=100).Familytherapywasactualizedinpatientsofexperimentgroup.ResultsTherewassignificantdifferenceinpercentofrecurrenceratebetweencontrolgroup(38%)andexperimentgroup(18%,P<0.05).ConclusionFamilytherapymaydecreaserecurrencerateofschizophrenicafterdischargingfromhospital.

简介：Newneuronsaregeneratedandintegrateintoexistingcircuitrywithinthehippocampaldentategyrusandtheolfactorybulbofmostmammals(GageandTemple,2013).Neurogenesisinthehippocampuspersiststhroughadulthood,andwhileitsfunctionandimportanceremainsunclear,itappearstoberequiredintheformationofspecifictypesof

简介：AbstractObjective:The immune system is involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia; here, we aimed to explore the relationship of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) with schizophrenia.Methods:CTLA4 gene structure was first analyzed, and then rs231779, rs733618, rs231775 and rs3087243 were selected as tag single nucleotide polymorphisms for the linkage disequilibrium blocks in CTLA4 in the Chinese Han population to study expression quantitative trait loci of CTLA4 gene in normal brain tissue. Additionally, membrane CTLA4 (mCTLA4) and soluble CTLA4 (sCTLA4) mRNA expression levels were evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 65 first-episode schizophrenia patients and 61 healthy controls. This study was approved by the Bioethics Committee of corresponding research institutes (approval No. 20150016) on March 6, 2015 and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.Results:After applying Bonferroni correction to the P values, only the minor C allele of rs733618 was significantly associated with increased expression of total CTLA4 (PBonf.= 0.019), but not mCTLA4 (PBonf. = 0.115), in the hippocampus. The sCTLA4 expression was significantly decreased in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of schizophrenia patients compared with healthy controls, while mCTLA4 was not.Conclusion:These results suggest that the soluble form of CTLA4 may be associated with schizophrenia and that lower sCTLA4 expression may increase the risk of developing schizophrenia.

简介：AbstractObjective:Observational studies have reported malnutrition and vitamin deficiency in patients with schizophrenia (SZ), which can lead to serious metabolic syndromes and decrease anti-psychiatric drug outcomes. Whereas, vitamin intake along with psychiatric medication can enhance the medication outcomes. However, it is still unknown if SZ induces vitamin deficiency. Herein, we conduct the Mendelian randomization analysis to explore the causal relationship between schizophrenia and vitamins supplementation.Methods:We retrieved the genome-wide summary statistical data for schizophrenia from recent SZ GWAS data (43,175 cases and 65,166 controls) and vitamins supplementation GWAS data from Neale’s GWAS datasets (more than 337,000 samples from the European population) and performed a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis to determine the causal association of SZ with vitamin supplementation, in addition, we conduct the sensitivity analysis to obtain reliable results and remove confounding bias.Results:SZ have causal relationships with vitamins A, B, C, D, and E (SZ/vitamin A: β = 0.002, se= 0.001, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.001 to 0.004, P= 1.41E-05, heterogeneity P= 0.4486; SZ/vitamin B: β= 0.004, se= 0.001, 95% CI: 0.002-0.005, P= 7.0E-05, heterogeneity P= 0.2217; SZ/vitamin C: β= 0.004, se= 0.001, 95% CI: 0.002-0.007, P= 0.001, heterogeneity P= 0.1349; SZ/vitamin D: β= 0.003, se= 0.001, 95% CI: 0.002-0.005, P= 0.001, heterogeneity P= 0.433; SZ/vitamin E: β= 0.003, se= 0.001, 95% CI: 0.002-0.005, P= 5.0E-05, heterogeneity P= 0.1382).Conclusion:Our findings suggest that vitamin levels and supplementation should be carefully controlled in patients with SZ, which in turn may enhance the therapeutic effects of antipsychotic drug treatments.

简介：Researchshowsthatthemortalityrateamongpeoplewithschizophreniaisuptofourtimeshigherthanthatinthegeneralpopulation.Thesubsequenthighcomorbiditiesandsocietalcostofschizophrenianecessitatefindingbetter,moreeffectivetreatmentsandstrategiesforprevention.Oneofthecurrentobstaclesarethecomplicatedgeneetiologiesthatareinvolvedinthepathophyslologyofschizophrenia.Sofar,anincreasingnumberofclinicalandexperimentalstudiesshowlinksbetweenschizophreniatreatmentandgeneticconditions.Here,weanalyzetheliteratureonschizophreniagenetics,withaparticularfocusonthebrain,themindandenvironmentalinsults.Anoverlapofschlzophrenlawithotherpsychoticdisordershasalsobeentakenintoaccuntwithanattempttofindaparallelrelationshipbetweengeneticsandtreatment.Finally,wesummarizeallthepresent-daytreatmentoptionsforschizophrenialikeclozapineandelectroconvulslvetherapyandalsotakeintoconsiderationtherelativelyunexploredroleoftraditionalChinesemedicine.

简介：AbstractBackground:Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a complex psychiatric disorder associated with widespread alterations in the subcortical brain structure. Hemispheric asymmetries are a fundamental organizational principle of the human brain and relate to human psychological and behavioral characteristics. We aimed to explore the state of thalamic lateralization of SCZ.Methods:We used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis, whole-brain analysis of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF), fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF), and resting-state seed-based functional connectivity (FC) analysis to investigate brain structural and functional deficits in SCZ. Also, we applied Pearson's correlation analysis to validate the correlation between Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) scores and them.Results:Compared with healthy controls, SCZ showed increased gray matter volume (GMV) of the left thalamus (t = 2.214, p = 0.029), which positively correlated with general psychosis (r = 0.423, p = 0.010). SCZ also showed increased ALFF in the putamen, the caudate nucleus, the thalamus, fALFF in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), and the caudate nucleus, and decreased fALFF in the precuneus. The left thalamus showed significantly weaker resting-state FC with the amygdala and insula in SCZ. PANSS negative symptom scores were negatively correlated with the resting-state FC between the thalamus and the insula (r = -0.414, p = 0.025).Conclusions:Collectively, these results suggest the possibility of aberrant laterality in the left thalamus and its FC with other related brain regions involved in the limbic system.

简介：BACKGROUND:Increasingevidencesuggestsoverlappedgeneticsusceptibilityacrosstraditionalclassificationsystemsthatdividedpsychoticdisordersintoschizophreniaoraffectivedisorder.OBJECTIVE:ThisstudyaimedtoexplorewhetherschizophreniaandaffectivedisordersharegeneticsusceptibilityinNOTCH4andGRIK2lociinapopulationofHanChinese.DESIGN:Repetitivemeasurements.SETTING:TheexperimentwascarriedoutatShanghaiMentalHealthCenterandHongkouMentalHealthCenterofShanghaibetweenJanuary2001andJune2004.PARTICIPANTS:Sixty-fivemixedpedigrees(sufferingfromvariousdiseases,incombinationwithschizophreniaandaffectivedisorder),composedof45completedtriosand20single-parentfamilies,wereselectedfromShanghaiMentalHealthCenterandHongkouMentalHealthCenterofShanghaibetweenJanuary2001andJune2004.ProbandsreceivedclinicaldiagnosisaccordingtoICD-10;anindependentclinicianusedidenticalcriteriatoreviewalldiagnoses.AllsubjectswereHanChineseinoriginandprovidedinformedconsent.Therewere65probandsand110parentsamongthesubjects.Theprobandscomprised30malesand35females:33withschizophrenia,32withaffectivedisorder,meanageof(30.9±9.8)years,meanageofonset(24.3±8.8)years,meanduration(6.6±7.0)years,andmeanageofparents(58.8±10.9)years.METHODS:DNAsamplesfromprobandsandtheirbiologicalparentswereextractedfromperipheralbloodaccordingtostandardmethods.Fourpolymorphisms,-1725T/Gand-25T/CinNOTCH4,rs6922753T/Candrs2227283G/AinGRIK2,wereamplifiedandgenotypedwithPCR-RFLPtechniques.MAINOUTCOMEMEASURES:AssociationbetweenNOTCH4,GRIK2polymorphism,andschizophreniawasanalyzedbytransmissiondisequilibriumtest(TDT).RESULTS:Sixty-fiveprobandsand110parentswereincludedintheresultanalysis,withnodropouts.Theresultsshowedthatthe-25T/CpolymorphismofNOTCH4associatedsignificantlywithaffectivedisorderand-1725G/-25Thaplotypewit